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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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URBANIZATION, ENERGY, AND AIR POLLUTION IN CHINA

THE CHALLENGES AHEAD

PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM

DEVELOPMENT, SECURITY, AND COOPERATION POLICY AND GLOBAL AFFAIRS

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

CHINESE ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING

CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported funding from the National Academies. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-09323-6 (Book)

International Standard Book Number 0-309-54604-4(PDF)

Copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
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Copyright 2004 by the National Academies. All rights reserved.

Cover Photo: Jack J. Fritz

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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U.S. SYMPOSIUM PARTICIPANTS

CHRIS G. WHIPPLE, chair,

ENVIRON Corporation, Emeryville, California

MICHAEL H. BERGIN,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

JUDITH C. CHOW,

Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada

LEONARD LEVIN,

Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California

PAUL F. SCHWENGELS,

Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

DANIEL SPERLING,

University of California, Davis

MICHAEL P. WALSH, consultant,

Arlington, Virginia

HUA WANG,

World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Staff

JACK J. FRITZ, Senior Program Officer,

National Academy of Engineering

CAROL R. ARENBERG, Managing Editor,

National Academy of Engineering

JOHN BORIGHT, Executive Director,

Policy and Global Affairs, National Research Council

AIMEE CURTRIGHT, Research Associate,

National Research Council

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
×

CHINESE SYMPOSIUM PARTICIPANTS

ZHONGXIAN ZHAO, chair,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

RUIXIAN CAI,

Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

WEITANG FAN (CAE),

China Energy Research Society, Beijing

XIAOYAN TANG (CAE),

Center of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing

FOSONG WANG,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

XUCHANG XU,

Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing

LUGUANG YAN,

Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

JIANCHAO ZHENG,

Electric Power Research Institute of China, Beijing

MEMBERS OF CHINESE SECRETARIAT

YINGSHI WANG, Secretary General, Professor,

Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

JIE CAO,

Bureau of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Sciences

JINGHUA CAO,

Office of American and Oceanian Affairs, Bureau of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Sciences

ZHE JIN,

Division of Energy and Mining Engineering, Chinese Academy of Engineering

CHUNJIE LIU,

General Office of Academic Divisions, Chinese Academy of Sciences

QI TIAN,

International Cooperation Department, Chinese Academy of Engineering

Staff

RUI YANG,

University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
×

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank the National Research Council and the National Academy of Engineering of the National Academies, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for their financial support of this project. We especially thank the members of the Chinese Secretariat for arranging this workshop and providing assistance to U.S. participants. The field visit to energy installations in and around Beijing showed the progress that has been made and the high level of effectiveness of steps taken to control air pollution around the capital city. Like previous exchanges between the Chinese and U.S. academies, this workshop showed that the economic future of both countries continues to be highly dependent on energy and the sound management of associated air pollution. Therefore, it is important that we work together to address the issues raised in these proceedings.

We would like to thank all of the participants and authors who worked on this project. The papers represent the views of the authors and do not represent official policy of the U.S. or Chinese academies. The authors were at liberty to present information both governments can use in developing policies to address air pollution. These papers represent a first step toward a major consensus study by the Chinese and U.S. academies on urban energy policy.

This volume has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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meets institutional standards for quality. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We wish to thank the following individuals for reviewing the report: David Allen, University of Texas at Austin, and Lee Schipper, World Resources Institute. Although they provided constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the individual papers. Responsibility for the final content of the papers rests with the individual authors.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
×

Contents

   

 Introduction
Jack J. Fritz

 

1

 

 

EMERGING AIR POLLUTION TRENDS IN CHINA

 

 

   

 Motor Vehicle Pollution and Fuel Consumption in China
Michael P. Walsh

 

11

   

 Clean Air and the Electrification of Urban Transportation
Luguang Yan and Xuhui Wen

 

29

   

 The Characteristics of Urban Air Pollution in China
Xiaoyan Tang

 

47

   

 Rational Options for Clean Energy in Chinese Cities
Weitang Fan and Zhufeng Yu

 

55

   

 Programs to Control Air Pollution and Acid Rain
Sarath K. Guttikunda, Todd M. Johnson, Feng Liu, and Jitendra J. Shah

 

73

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
×
   

 Energy and Environmental Impacts of Chinese Rural Vehicles
Daniel Sperling and Zhenhong Lin

 

95

 

 

GLOBAL IMPACTS

 

 

   

 Atmospheric Long-Range Transport of Urban Pollutants
Leonard Levin

 

109

 

 

SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

 

 

   

 Monitoring and Assessing Particulate Matter
Judith C. Chow and John G. Watson

 

127

   

 Source Apportionment of Fine-Particle Pollution in Beijing
Yuanhang Zhang, Xianlei Zhu, Limin Zeng, and Wei Wang

 

139

   

 Radiative Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols: Sources and Impacts
Michael H. Bergin

 

155

 

 

THE POWER SECTOR

 

 

   

 Analysis of Emissions, Exposures, and Risks of Toxic Air Emissions from U.S. Coal-Fired and Oil-Fired Power Plants
Chris G. Whipple

 

171

   

 Environmental Performance of Coal-Fired Power Plants Financed by the World Bank
Jack J. Fritz

 

187

   

 Prospects for Distributed Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems in China
Liwen Feng and Yingshi Wang

 

205

   

 Power-Sector Energy Consumption and Pollution Control in China
Xuchang Xu, Changhe Chen, Haiyin Qi, Dingkai Li, Changfu You, and Guangming Xiang

 

217

   

 Development of Clean-Coal Technology
Hongguang Jin, Ruixian Cai, and Baoqun Wang

 

237

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES

 

 

   

 Environmental Institutions in China
Hua Wang and Changhua Wu

 

253

 

 

PUBLIC HEALTH

 

 

   

 Ambient Air Pollution in Shanghai: A Health-Based Assessment
Haidong Kan, Bingheng Chen, and Changhong Chen

 

283

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering. 2004. Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11192.
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In October 2003, a group of experts met in Beijing under the auspices of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Engineering (NAE)/National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies to continue a dialogue and eventually chart a rational course of energy use in China. This collection of papers is intended to introduce the reader to the complicated problems of urban air pollution and energy choices in China.

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