An Assessment of Potential Health Effects from Exposure to PAVE PAWS Low-Level Phased-Array Radiofrequency Energy (2005)

α

polarizability; or lowest frequency dispersion

AFB

Air Force Base

AFRL

Air Force Research Laboratories (at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas)

AGNIR

Advisory Group on Non-ionizing Radiation

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

B

magnetic flux density

B-dot

sensor that measures the derivative of a magnetic field

BBB

blood-brain barrier

BP

blood bressure

BRFSS

Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

BSL

Broadcast Signal Laboratories

β

second frequency dispersion

CA

Canada

Ca⁺⁺

calcium ion

CCCR

Cape Cod Commission Reporter

CCEC

Cape Cod Environmental Coalition

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access (cellular telephone technology originally known as IS-95)

CI

confidence interval

CNS

central nervous system

COPPS

Coalition for the Operation of PAVE PAWS Safely

CRC

CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida

CW

continuous wave

D

reflector diameter

D-dot

sensor that measures the derivative of an electric field

Da

dalton

dB

decibel

DC

direct current

DDT

dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane

DED

Directed Energy Directorate (of the Air Force Research Laboratories at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas)

DEM

Digital Elevation Model

DMBA

7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

dsb

double-strand breaks

°

degrees

Δf

bandwidth (delta frequency)

E

electric field

EEG

electroencephalogram

EHS

Environmental Health and Safety

EIG

Engineering Installation Group (Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, Mississippi)

EIS

Environmental Impact Statement

ELF

extremely low frequency

EMF

electro-magnetic field

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

f

frequency; focal length

f_rs

principal frequency of the rise time

F

force; frequency

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access (cellular telephone technology)

FM

frequency modulation

ft

feet

γ

third frequency dispersion

GAO

General Accounting Office

Gy

gray

cGy

centigray (10⁻² gray)

GPS

Global Positioning System

GSM

Groupe Spécial Mobile (cellular telephone technology)

h

Planck’s constant

HCN

Health Council of the Netherlands

HED

Human Effects Division (of the Air Force Research Laboratories at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas)

HPLC

high performance liquid chromatography

HR

heart rate

hsp70

heat-shock protein 70

Hz

hertz

kHz

kilohertz (10³ hertz)

MHz

megahertz (10⁶ hertz)

GHz

gigahertz (10⁹ hertz)

THz

terahertz (10¹² hertz)

ICNIRP

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

ILHI

Incomplete Lipschitz-Hankel Integrals

IR

infrared

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

IITRI

Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute

J

drift current density; or joule (kJ = kilojoule = 10³ joule)

k

Boltzmann’s constant

kg

kilogram (10⁻³ gram)

λ

wavelength

m

meter

cm

centimeter (10⁻² meter)

km

kilometer (10⁻³ meter)

MA

Massachusetts

Mag

magnitude

MDPH

Massachusetts Department of Public Health

MISER

Massachusetts Institute for Social and Economic Research

MMR

Massachusetts Military Reservation

MPE

Maximum Permissible Exposure

MS

Mississippi

µ

mobility [in J = NµαV(E• ∇)E]

N

particle density [in J = NµαV(E• ∇)E]

NA

National Academies

NAS

National Academy of Sciences

Nc

not calculated

NCRP

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

NIEHS

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

NRC

National Research Council

NRPB

National Radiological Protection Board

NSWC

Naval Surface Weapons Center

NYU

New York University

PAVE PAWS

“PAVE” is an Air Force program name and “PAWS” stands for Phased Array Warning System

PCE

perchloroethylene

PI

Physics International

PPPHSG

PAVE PAWS Public Health Steering Group

%

percent

Φ

azimuth angle

q

charge

Q

ratio of stored energy to dissipated energy

QPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (a digital frequency modulation technique for sending data over coaxial cable or radio)

R

resistance [in <V²> = 4kTΔfR]; or distance [in 1/R²]

RF

radiofrequency

RFEMF

radiofrequency electromagnetic field

RG-8

type of coaxial cable

RNA

ribonucleic acid

S

siemen (conductivity is defined in S/m)

SAR

Specific Absorption Rate

sec

second

msec

millisecond (10⁻³ second)

nsec

nanosecond (10⁹ second)

psec

picosecond (10⁻¹² second)

SES

socio-economic status

SIR

standard incidence rates or standardized incidence ratio

SMR

standard mortality rates or standardized mortality ratio

SRI

Stanford Research Institute (type of dish antenna)

ssb

single-strand breaks

SSI

Swedish Radiation Protection Institute

σ

conductivity (is defined in S/m)

T

tesla; or absolute temperature [in <V²> = 4kTΔfR]

mT

millitesla (10⁻³ tesla)

TEM

Transverse Electro-Magnetic (type of antenna)

TPA

12-O-tetradecanoylphorbal-13-acetate

TR

Transmit-Receive modules

TV

television

θ

polar angle

τr

pulse rise time

UHF

ultra-high frequency

UK

United Kingdom

US

United States

UV

ulraviolet

UVA

type of ultraviolet light

UVB

type of ultraviolet light

v

velocity

V

volt; or volume of the ion or molecule in [in J = NµαV(E• ∇)E]

kV

kilovolt (10³ volt)

VHF

very-high frequency

W

watts; or energy [in W = hf]

kW

kilowatts (10³ watts)

W/cm²

watts per centimeter squared (power density)

µW/cm²

microwatts (10⁻⁶ watts) per centimeter squared (power density)