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Sensor Systems for Biological Agent Attacks: Protecting Buildings and Military Bases
TABLE 3.1 Biological Particles That May Be Present in Indoor Air and Their Sizes
Source Organism
Particle
Size Range (μm)
Common Examples
Unique Characteristics
Virus
One or more virions in droplet nucleus
<0.1-3
Influenza
Particle may be much larger than organism; RNA or DNA, not both
Mycoplasma
One or more organisms in droplet nucleus
1-5
M. pneumoniae
No cell wall
Chlamydia
One or more organisms in droplet nucleus
1-5
Chlamydia psittasi
Rickettsia
One or more organisms in droplet nucleus
1-5
Coxiella burnetii
Obligate intracellular pathogen
Bacteria
One or more bacteria in droplet nucleus or on a raft
1-5
Micrococcus luteus
Variable in size, shape, cell wall composition
Single or grouped dry spores
0.5-5 3
Bacillus cereus Thermoactinomyces
Highly resistant endospores
Cell wall fragments
<0.1
Algae
One or more cells
5-10
Chlorococcus
Chlorophyll, cellulose
Nonvascular plants
One or more spores
15-30
Mosses
Chlorophyll, cellulose
Vascular plants
Spore
15-30
Lycopodium ferns
Pollen
10-50
Trees, grasses, weeds
Sporopollenin
Pollen allergens
?
Hairs
10-100
Cellulose
Fragments
?
Soy beans
Cellulose
Arthropods
Fragments
?
Cockroach, dust mite
Chitin
Fecal material
20-30
Animals
Fragments
?
Cats, dogs, mice
Keratin
Skin scales
10-50
Fungi
One or more spores
1.5-100
Mushrooms, aspergillus
Chitin
One or more hyphae
1.5-100
Ergosterol
Fragments
?
1-3 β-d-glucan
Particle sizes range from less than 0.1 micrometers to more than 100 micrometers and can vary with relative humidity. Spores are generally smaller in air than when mounted in liquid media for microscopy. In addition to particles directly derived from living organisms, other particles in air may also share properties with the bioaerosols. Some examples include latex particles and combustion products derived
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