Appendix D
REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES
A summary of common repair and replacement activities for specific areas of a typical coal-fired power plant is given Table D-1. The table does not attempt to summarize less frequent major replacements at a plant, such as repowering with a new furnace using an existing steam cycle or replacing major components (e.g., turbine generator) with an entirely new system.
Table D-2 presents the aggregated responses to a National Petrochemical and Refiners Association (NPRA) member survey, initiated in response to an information request from the committee. Sixty-four petroleum refineries responded to the survey, constituting half (8,808,122 barrels/day) of the total U.S. petroleum refining capacity (16,894,314 barrels/day) (EIA 2004c). Table D-2 presents approximately 60 activities that typically are undertaken as repair and replacement at petroleum refineries. Each activity is listed along with an estimate of how frequently it occurs and its cost. The cost of each activity is presented as a percentage of the total replacement cost of the major process unit with which the activity is associated. For example, replacing or repairing the fluidized catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) regenerator cyclones is estimated to occur at intervals of 3-5 years or longer. The cost of this activity is estimated to be up to 10% of the replacement cost of the FCCU. Because not all refineries are of the same size and configuration, there are likely to be variations in the replacement cost percentages. The results presented in this survey, though not exhaustive, illustrate the di-
verse nature of repair and replacement activities typically undertaken at petroleum refineries.
Table D-3 lists repair and replacement and other activities specific to kraft mills that are periodically undertaken. Both the structure of Table D-3 and its contents were provided by representatives of International Paper, Inc., in response to an information request from the committee. Table D-3 lists approximately 90 repair and replacement activities that are periodically undertaken in a kraft mill. For each activity, the table provides an estimate of how frequently the activity occurs, an estimate of how likely the activity is to occur within the specified time interval, and the relative cost of the activity. The relative cost of the activity is presented as a percentage of the replacement cost of the major process component with which the activity is associated. For example, repairing or replacing the boiler safety relief valves (Table D-3) is estimated with near certainty to be an annual activity at a kraft mill, with an estimated cost that is less than 5% of the replacement cost of the entire boiler. Although the list of activities in Table D-3 is not certified as exhaustive, it serves to illustrate a variety of repair and replacement activities that may be undertaken in pulp and paper manufacturing facilities.
The repair and replacement activities presented here are expected to have different frequencies and costs across various industrial sectors, production facilities, and types of process units because many factors, such as equipment design and operating conditions, affect the frequency and cost of those activities (R. Bessette, Council of Industrial Boiler Owners, November 10, 2004, letter to committee).
TABLE D-1 Summary of Common Repair and Replacement Activities, Frequencies, and Cost for Coal-Fired Electric Utility Power Plants
Category |
Description |
Repair or Replacement Needs |
Frequency |
Cost |
Boiler tub eassemblies |
Rows or bundles of heat exchanger tubes |
Wear and periodic failure attributable to erosion, corrosion, and temperature/pressure-related stresses, leading to outcomes such as leaks, forced outages, loss of reliability, and potential for substantial boiler failure |
Considered to be common; entire tube assemblies replaced at nearly every boiler, as early as 5 years after commercial operation |
Up to $40/kW to replace tube assemblies on a large boilerand potentially more on a smaller boiler |
Fans |
Forced draft fans push combustion air into the furnace; induced draft fans pull flue gas from the furnace; a balanced draft system has both; other typical fans include primary air fans for pneumatic transport of pulverized coal and flue gas recirculation fans for NOx control |
Erosion and cyclic fatigue; fans exposed to flue gases often subject to higher temperatures as well as erosive ash and corrosive acid gases. Reduced effectiveness of fan reduces plant output; failure leads to shutdown |
Fans have been substantially replaced in over 70% of units |
Replacement of a large fan can cost up to $20/kW; retrofitting a balanced draft system in place of a forced draft system can cost $70/kW |
Mills/feeders |
System for feeding and pulverizing coal into a fine powder |
Abrasion due to hard minerals in coal, and erosion where solids/powder strikes interior surfaces, including deterioration of rollers, tables, balls, classifiers, bearings, seals, motors, belts, flow control devices, and piping |
Pulverizer mills have been replaced or substantially repaired in over 50% of units |
Replacing wear parts in a pulverizer mill can cost $2/kW and mill replacement can cost up to $5/kW |
Turbines and generators |
Steam turbines are composed of a shell, blades, nozzles, diaphragms, and rotors; generators are composed of rotors and stators, including windings and insulation |
Turbine blades experience wear due to impurities in steam, requiring replacement of blades (usually with better designed shapes and more recently available alloys); generator insulation can deteriorate due to exposure to heat or contaminants |
Turbine blades or rotors have been replaced in more than 90% of units |
Turbine blade and rotor replacement can cost up to $20/kW; replacement of the shell of the turbine can cost up to $60/kW |
Condensers |
Typically, a shell and tube heat exchanger in which river water flows on the tube side and low-temperature steam and low pressure (at a vacuum compared to ambient) are on the shell side |
Flow on either side can lead to erosion; impurities in steam or water can lead to corrosion; biological fouling on the water side is also possible; partial or full pluggage of tubes reduces heat transfer, and tube failure leads to contamination of the steam cycle |
More than 60% of units have replaced condenser tubes |
Tube bundle replacement can cost up to $10/kW |
Category |
Description |
Repair or Replacement Needs |
Frequency |
Cost |
Control systems |
Control and monitoring of boiler, turbine, and balance of plant management |
Control systems affect combustion efficiency and other operations of the plant; when systems fail and require replacement, replacement parts for the original design may no longer be available |
Replacement of pneumatic controls with solid-state, computerized, or automated controls has occurred in “most” units |
Replacement projects can cost up to $10/kW on larger units and $40/kW on smaller units |
Coal and ash handling |
Unloading, storage, and conveying coal; key subsystems include bulldozers (to manage the coal pile), conveyor belts, and bunkers (or silos) |
Wear of conveyor belts, motors, and other equipment; corrosion |
Replacement of components such as conveyor belts, motors, barge and rail unloaders, and others is reported to be “common” |
Replacement of key components of coal handling can cost up to $4/kW; replacement of key components of ash-handling systems can cost up to $14/kW |
Feedwater heaters |
Heat exchangers, treatment system, and pumps to deliver, heat, and process water from the condenser to the economizer |
Leaking tubes lead to reduced efficiency; plugged tubes lead to loss of capacity |
More than 80% of units have replaced feedwater heaters or major tube bundles therein |
Replacement of a feedwater heater can cost up to $5/kW |
Sootblowers and water lances |
System for delivery of steam or compressor air to remove soot, ash, and slag from surfaces of equipment such as heat exchanger tubes |
Deterioration of soot-blowers reduces effectiveness, which in turn leads to less efficient cleaning of surfaces; the latter can lead to losses or damage; for example, uncontrolled buildup of slag on boiler surfaces can lead to failure if large amounts of slag fall and damage boiler internals |
Sootblowers have been replaced at “most” units |
Replacement projects can cost up to $9/kW |
Burners |
Burner systems include tubes and, in some cases, annuli via, which pulverized coal and staged air are introduced; dampers, vanes, nozzles, windbox, flame scanners, and lighters are other typical components |
High temperatures, ash, and corrosive gases can lead to corrosion, erosion, and temperature-related stresses |
Replacements have occurred “one or more times at most units” |
Replacement costs up to $30/kW |
Motors |
Motors are used throughout a plant to drive pumps, belts, pulverizers, and other equipment; motors can vary greatly in size |
Motor failures typically attributable to failure of insulation, which causes overheating and potential short-outs |
Rewind or replacement of motors is “common” |
Replacements can cost up to $5/kW per motor |
Category |
Description |
Repair or Replacement Needs |
Frequency |
Cost |
Electrical equipment |
Equipment used to convert and transmit electricity in a form useful for internal plant end uses, such as motors, fans, lighting, etc. |
Exposure to coal dust, temperatures in the plant, and other aspects of the plant environment can lead to shorts and overloads |
Replacement of switchgear and other equipment is “very common” |
Replacement projects cost up to $9/kW |
Pumps |
Pumps are used throughout the plant for feedwater, cooling water, and slurries (e. g., ash sluice); pumps can be exposed to corrosive materials, erosive materials, and extremes of temperature and pressure |
Failure typically due to corrosion, erosion, and other demanding service conditions (e. g., high temperature, pressure) |
Nearly 100% of units have overhauled or replaced boiler feedpumps |
Replacement projects can cost $10/kW |
Piping/ducts/expansion joints |
Pipes carry fluids or slurries; ducts carry gases; expansion joints are flexible connections between pipes or between ducts |
Leaks can occur due to high-pressure, high-temperature environments, or because of erosion or corrosion; expansion joints can crack or separate |
Replacements of pipes, ducts, and expansion joints is “common”; repair and replacement can cost up to $23/kW |
|
Air compressors |
Compressed air is used for pneumatic drives, system controls, some sootblowers, and some power tools |
Moving parts are subject to typical wear; reduced effectiveness of the compressor or failure can lead to reduced effectiveness or failure of other components (e. g., sootblowers, surfaces not adequately cleaned by failed sootblowers) |
Replacement is a typical choice, but frequency is not reported |
Replacement projects can cost up to $2/kW |
Source: ERCC 2002. Reprinted with permission; copyright 2002. |
TABLE D-2 Petroleum Refinery Industry: Projected Repair and Replacement Frequencies and Relative Costs
Activity |
Unit |
Estimated Frequency (years) |
Replacement Cost (% per Unit) |
|||||||
1 |
3-5 |
>5 |
<5 |
5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
<20 |
|||
Pumps |
||||||||||
Replace pump seals |
All |
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
|
|
|
Repair pumps |
All |
x |
|
x |
|
|||||
Replace pumps |
All |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
|||
Valves |
||||||||||
Replace valve packing |
All |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|||
Replace valves |
All |
|
x |
x |
|
|||||
Catalysts |
||||||||||
Regenerate catalysts |
Reformer |
x |
|
x |
|
|||||
Replace catalysts |
Hydrotreaters |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Replace catalysts |
Sulfur recovery unit (SRU) |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Replace catalysts |
not specific |
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
x |
|
||
Columns Reactors |
||||||||||
Repair or replace trays and hardware |
All |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Repair or replace reactor internals |
All |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Replace weld overlays inside of columns, vessels, and reactors |
All |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
||||
Pressure Safeties |
||||||||||
Repair, replace, test PSVs |
All |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Exchangers |
||||||||||
Repair or replace exchanger |
All |
|
x |
|
x |
Activity |
Unit |
Estimated Frequency (years) |
Replacement Cost (% per Unit) |
||||||
1 |
3-5 |
>5 |
<5 |
5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
<20 |
||
Exchangers |
|||||||||
Repair or replace bundle |
All |
|
x |
|
x |
x |
|
||
Clean tubes |
All |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Crude Unit |
|||||||||
Crude unit turnaround |
Crude |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
||
Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) |
|||||||||
FCCU turnaround |
FCCU |
|
x |
x |
|
|
x |
x |
x |
FCCU turnaround with cylcone replacement |
FCCU |
|
x |
|
x |
||||
Replace or repair spent catalyst deflectors in an FCCU |
FCCU |
x |
|
x |
x |
|
|||
Replace or repair slide valves (orifice plates and tongues) |
FCCU |
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Replace or repair spent catalyst slide valve actuators |
FCCU |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
||
Replace or repair FCCU regenerator cyclones |
FCCU |
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
||
Replace or repair FCC reactor cyclones |
FCCU |
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
||
Replace or repair fractionation tower internals |
FCCU |
x |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Repair fractionation tower internals |
FCCU |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
Activity |
Unit |
Estimated Frequency (years) |
Replacement (% per Unit) |
||||||
1 |
3-5 |
>5 |
<5 |
5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
<20 |
||
Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) |
|||||||||
Replace or repair wet gas compressor |
FCCU |
|
x |
|
x |
x |
|
||
Turnaround |
Reformer |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Alkylation Unit |
|||||||||
Turnaround |
Alkylation |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Hydrocracker |
|||||||||
Turnaround |
Hydrocracker |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|||
MTBE Unit |
|||||||||
Turnaround |
Methyl bert-butyl ether (MTBE) |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Diesel Desulfurization |
|||||||||
Turnaround with catalyst change |
Hydrotreatment (HDT) unit |
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Coker |
|||||||||
Coke drum replacement |
Coker |
|
x |
|
x |
x |
|||
Crude/coker turnaround |
Coker |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Sulfur Plant |
|||||||||
SRU thermal reactor repair |
SRU |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|||
SRU thermal reactor replacement |
SRU |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Turnaround |
SRU |
|
x |
|
x |
|
Activity |
Unit |
Estimated Frequency (years) |
Replacement (% per Unit) |
||||||
1 |
3-5 |
>5 |
<5 |
5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
<20 |
||
Flare |
|||||||||
Flare tip replacement |
Flare |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Flare knockout drum replacement |
Flare |
x |
|
x |
|||||
Replace flare |
Flare |
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Piping |
|||||||||
Repair piping re-corrosion |
All |
|
x |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
Replace piping re-corrosion |
All |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
Heaters/Boilers |
|||||||||
Replace or repair heater tubes |
All |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
||
Replace or repair boiler tubes |
Boilers |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
||
Replace burners |
All |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
|
||
Steam Turbine |
|||||||||
Steam turbine repairs |
Turbine |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Steam turbine replacement |
Turbinex |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Storage Tanks |
|||||||||
Repair storage tanks |
Tank farm |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Replace storage tanks |
Tank farm |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
||
Replace floating roofs in tanks |
Tank farm |
|
x |
x |
|
|
x |
||
Replace floor in tanks |
Tank farm |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Wastewater Systems |
|||||||||
General maintenance |
Wastewater |
x |
|
x |
|
Activity |
Unit |
Estimated Frequency (years) |
Replacement Cost (% per Unit) |
||||||
1 |
3-5 |
5 |
>5 |
<5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
>20 |
||
Metallurgical Changes |
|||||||||
Metallurgical changes to accommodate feedstock quality changes |
|
x |
|
x |
|||||
Instrumentation |
|||||||||
Replace CEMS |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Repair CEMS |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||||
General instrumentation |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Replace instrumentation |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Electrical Substations |
|||||||||
Replace substations |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|||
Repair substations |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Replace transmission lines |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||||
Abbreviations: CEMS, continuous emission monitoring system. Source: National Petrochemical and Refiners Association, unpublished material, 2004. |
TABLE D-3 Pulp and Paper Industry: Repair and Replacement Activities
Activities |
Category |
Estimated Frequency (years) |
Percent Replacement Cost |
|||||
1 |
5 |
10 |
20 |
<5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
||
Boiler Used to Generate Power |
||||||||
Repair superheater tie lugs |
4 |
x |
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
Repair superheater steam-cooled spacers |
4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Replace superheater loops |
4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Activities |
Category |
Estimated Frequency (years) |
Percent Replacement Cost |
|||||
1 |
5 |
10 |
20 |
<5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
||
Boiler Used to Generate Power |
||||||||
Replace superheater assemblies |
4,7 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Replace desuperheater liner assembly |
4 |
|
x |
x |
|
|||
Replace economizer assemblies |
4,7 |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||
Replace generating bank tubes |
4,6,7 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
||
Replace lower wall tube sections |
4,6,7 |
x |
x |
x |
|
|||
Replace lower wall tube panels |
4,6,7 |
|
x |
x |
|
|||
Replace lower furnace |
4,6,7 |
|
x |
|
|
x |
||
Repair tubular air heaters |
4,5 |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
Replace tubular air heaters |
4 |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
||
Repair refractory |
4 |
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Repair/replace cyclone burners |
4,6 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
||
Clean and scaffold fire side |
1,2,4 |
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Auxiliary Equipment for Power Boiler |
||||||||
Repair/rebuild coal pulverizers |
4 |
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Repair/rebuild traveling grates |
4 |
x |
|
x |
|
x |
|
|
Repair/rebuild ash-handling system |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Repair/rebuild coal-feeder systems |
4 |
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Repair/rebuild boiler safety relief valves |
1,2 |
x |
|
x |
|
Activity |
Category |
Estimated Frequency (years) |
Percent Replacement Cost |
|||||
1 |
5 |
10 |
20 |
<5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
||
Auxiliary Equipment for Power Boiler |
||||||||
Remove, calibrate, and simulate boiler protective interlock devices |
1,2 |
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Replace, calibrate, and simulate boiler protective interlock devices |
1,3,4 |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||
Repair/rebuild burner assemblies |
4 |
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Repair/rebuild sootblowers |
4 |
x |
x |
|||||
Repair/rebuild dust collectors |
4 |
x |
x |
|||||
Repair/rebuild precipitators |
4 |
x |
x |
|||||
Repair/rebuild turbine drives |
1,2,4 |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||
Repair/rebuild ED and ID fans |
4 |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||
Upgrade safety systems to revised standards |
1,2,3 |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||
Replace unsupported control hardware |
3,4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Inspect/repair stack |
2,4 |
|
x |
|
x |
|
||
Repair/rebuild ducts and flues |
4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Building structural repair |
4 |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
||
Chemical Recovery Furnace |
||||||||
Replace smelt spout tube openings |
1,2,3,4,5 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Replace lower wall tube sections |
1,2,3,4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
Activity |
Category |
Estimated Frequency (years) |
Percent Replacement Cost |
|||||
1 |
5 |
10 |
20 |
<5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
||
Chemical Recovery Furnace |
||||||||
Replace lower wall tube panels |
1,2,3,4 |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
||
Replace lower furnace |
1,2,3,4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Repair superheater tie lugs |
1,2,4 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
||
Repair superheater steam-cooled spacers |
1,2,4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Replace superheater loops |
1,2,4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Replace superheater assemblies |
1,2,4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Replace desuperheater liner assembly |
2,4 |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
||
Replace economizer assemblies |
1,2,4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Replace generating bank tubes |
1,2,4 |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
Complete NDE |
1,2,3,4 |
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Repair refractory |
2,4 |
x |
x |
|||||
Clean and scaffold fire side |
1,2,4 |
x |
x |
|||||
Chemical Recovery Furnace Auxiliaries |
||||||||
Repair/rebuild ash handling system |
4 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
||
Repair/rebuild green liquor system |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild dissolving tank scrubber system |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild dissolving tank |
3,4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild black liquor system |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
Activity |
Categroy |
Estimated Frequency (years) |
Percent Replacement Cost |
|||||
1 |
5 |
10 |
20 |
<5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
||
Chemical Recovery Furnace Auxiliaries |
||||||||
Repair/rebuild boiler safety relief valves |
1,2,3 |
x |
|
x |
|
|||
Remove, calibrate, and simulate boiler protective interlock devices |
1,2,3 |
x |
x |
|||||
Repair/rebuild burner assemblies |
4 |
x |
x |
|||||
Repair/rebuild sootblowers |
4 |
x |
x |
|||||
Repair/rebuild direct contact evaporators |
4 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
||
Rebuild direct contact evaporators |
4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Repair steam coil air heaters |
4 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
||
Replace steam coil air heaters |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
|
Repair/rebuild precipitators |
4 |
x |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
Repair/rebuild turbine drives |
4 |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
Repair/rebuild forced-draft (FD) and induced-draft (ID) fans |
4 |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
Upgrade safety systems to revised standards |
1,2,3 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Replace unsupported control hardware |
4 |
|
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
Inspect/repair stack |
4 |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
Repair/rebuild ducts and flues |
4 |
|
x |
|
|
x |
|
|
Building structural repair |
4 |
|
x |
x |
|
Activity |
Categroy |
Estimated Frequency (years) |
Percent Replacement Cost |
|||||
1 |
5 |
10 |
20 |
<5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
||
Power Plant Auxiliary Devices |
||||||||
Repair/rebuild deaerator |
1,3 |
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
|
Repair/rebuild demineralizers |
4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
||
Repair/rebuild boiler feedwater pumps |
4 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|||
Repair/rebuild air compressors |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild air dryers |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild demineralized water transfer pumps |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild condensate transfer pumps |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild condensate polishers |
4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
||
Repair/rebuild condensate magnetic filters |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild water softeners |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild sand filters |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild water clarifiers |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild drive turbines |
4 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|||
Repair/rebuild uniterrupted power supply (UPS) |
4 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|||
Repair/rebuild station batteries |
4 |
x |
x |
|
x |
Activity |
Categroy |
Estimated Frequency (years) |
Percent Replacement Cost |
|||||
1 |
5 |
10 |
20 |
<5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
||
Power Plant Auxiliary Devices |
||||||||
Repair/rebuild steam pressure relief valves (PRV) and desuperheaters |
4 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
||
Repair/rebuild oil storage tanks |
1,4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Repair/rebuild woodwaste receiving equipment |
4 |
x |
x |
|
x |
|
||
Inspect/repair woodwaste storage equipment |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild coal receiving equipment |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild coal storage equipment |
4 |
x |
x |
x |
||||
Repair/rebuild natural gas piping |
1,4 |
|
x |
x |
|
x |
|
|
Repair/rebuild water storage tanks |
4 |
|
x |
x |
x |
|
||
Category: 1. Required by state regulatory agency or insurance carrier 2. Required by company or industry standards 3. Required to maintain safe operation 4. Required to maintain reliable operation 5. Required due to design deficiencies 6. Required due to unforeseen operational problems 7. Required due to unforeseen mechanical damage Source: Council of Industrial Boiler Owners, unpublished material, 2004. |