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Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary (2005)

Chapter: Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
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Appendix O
Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.

SLIDE 1

SLIDE 1 NOTES: No notes.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 2

SLIDE 2 NOTES: No notes.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 3

SLIDE 3 NOTES: No notes.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 4

SLIDE NOTES 4: Any discussion of surveillance would be remiss if it did not focus extensively on the National Polyp Study, which I will refer to as the NPS (Winawer et al., 1993).

The NPS was a randomized trial of the timing of surveillance colonoscopy. It included over 1400 patients who had resected adenomas. The seven participating centers were centers of excellence and expertise.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 5

SLIDE 5 NOTES: The basic design involved a comparison of two arms. A patient randomized to Arm A was assigned to a surveillance colonoscopy at 1 year, at 3 years, and at 6 years following the colonoscopy in which the index adenoma was detected. In each of the years between the surveillance procedures, questionnaires were administered.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 6

SLIDE 6 NOTES: Outcomes of each surveillance procedures were defined as shown above. An advanced adenoma was defined in the study somewhat differently from that used in today’s conventional current practice and in the guidelines issued by professional societies. Notice the subtle difference in the size criterion. There is some evidence that specifying greater than or equal to, as opposed to greater than, 10 mm can make a real non-trivial difference in the number of lesions subject to surveillance. In addition, a villous component has been recognized as an important risk indicator, but the data from the NPS did not define advanced adenomas using that criterion.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 7

SLIDE 7 NOTES: Here are the results for the two arms. Arm B—the three-year surveillance protocol—had a 32 percent incidence of any adenoma and a 3.3 percent incidence of advanced adenoma. Arm B, on the other hand, had a higher cumulative incidence of adenomas (41.7 percent). However, the risk of advanced adenoma at three years is identical between the two arms (3.3 percent).

At the end of 6 years, the cumulative risk of any adenoma was 52 percent for Arm A and 48 percent for Arm B.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 8

SLIDE 8 NOTES: This chart shows the point of detection of 5 cancers detected in the study population. The detection of cancers appears not to have been affected by the surveillance strategy.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 9

SLIDE 9 NOTES: The present and next 2 charts show findings of advanced adenomas (as defined by the NPS) as a function of surveillance strategy and various risk categories.

This chart shows that for advanced adenomas, the difference in incidence between the two arms is not different.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 10

SLIDE 10 NOTES: Stratifying patients by age and status of a parent with colorectal cancer shows the increased probability of an advanced adenoma in the years following diagnosis. The rate for patients 60 years of age or older with a parent with colorectal cancer is almost 25 percent.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 11

SLIDE 11 NOTES: If a person had 3 or more high-risk adenomas at the index event, the risk of an advanced adenoma by the sixth years of surveillance is over 15 percent.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 12

SLIDE 12 NOTES: On the basis of these findings, the NPS researchers concluded that surveillance intervals lengthened to six or more years are reasonable for low-risk adenoma patients. (Winawer et al., 1993; Zauber and Winawer, 1997).

The data are currently being reanalyzed with the current definition of high-risk adenoma. It is unlikely, however, that the reanalysis will affect the conclusions.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 13

SLIDE 13 NOTES: Is it possible that cancers were missed in the NPS? Some relatively small studies have examined back-to-back colonoscopies. They have shown that the miss rate is inversely related to the size of the tumor. For advanced adenomas, the miss rate is small, so it is unlikely that the clinicians in the NPS missed a high number of tumors.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 14

SLIDE 14 NOTE: Is it possible that cancers were missed in the NPS? Some relatively small studies have examined back-to-back colonoscopies. They have shown that the miss rate is inversely related to the size of the tumor. For advanced adenomas, the miss rate is small, so it is unlikely that the clinicians in the NPS missed a high number of tumors.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 15

SLIDE 15 NOTES: No notes.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 16

SLIDE 16 NOTES: There are currently three sets of recommendations for surveillance after adenomas. The multi-society task force, which issued guidelines in 2003, represents the consensus of a number of different provider groups.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 17

SLIDE 17 NOTES: The three groups are not very different from one another in their recommendations. After two small adenomas, or no adenoma with advanced pathology, most societies recommend surveillance after 5 years. The American Cancer Society gives a greater range—from 3 to 6 years. The groups do differ on what to do after the first negative surveillance examination. Two groups indicate that every-five-years is still warranted, whereas the American Cancer Society recommends that such individuals be considered average risk and returned to a screening pool (with a colonoscopy ever 10 years).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 18

SLIDE 18 NOTES: No notes.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 19

SLIDE 19 NOTES: I am not going to address this issue because Todd Anderson’s presentation directly addresses it.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 20

SLIDE 20 NOTES: No notes.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 21

SLIDE 21 NOTES: It is important to remember, when considering adherence data, that risk is heterogeneous. We know from the National Polyp Study, for example, that 20 percent of individuals who are over age 60 and have a first-degree relative with CRC are likely to have an advanced adenoma in the 6 years following the index polypectomy, but only 1 percent under age 60 with a single adenoma and no first-degree relative with CRC will have one. It appears, from the surveys, that physicians actually take those risk differences into account when they decide on what to recommend to their individual patients.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×

SLIDE 22

SLIDE 22 NOTES: A brief look at the five models investigated in depth as part of this workshop shows that the surveillance patterns differ substantially. Some base surveillance strategies contingent on the size of the initial adenoma, some don’t. Most use a 3-year surveillance schedule. And they differ as to whether a different surveillance regimen is enacted for advanced adenomas.

What none of the models appear to have is any tailoring of surveillance on the basis of age. But the data suggest that in practice, age is an important determinant of the frequency of surveillance.

REFERENCES

Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, May Nah Ho, O’Brien MJ, Gottlieb LS, Sternberg SS, Waye JD, Schapiro M, Bond JH, Panish JF, Ackroyd F, Shike M, Kurtz RC, Hornsby-Lewis L, Gerdes H, Stewart ET, Lightdale CJ, Edelman M, Fleisher M. 1993. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med. 329(27):1977–1981.


Zauber AG, Winawer SJ. 1997. Initial management and follow-up surveillance of patients with colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 26(1):85–101.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 243
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 244
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 245
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 246
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 247
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 248
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 249
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 250
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 251
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 252
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 253
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 254
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 255
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 256
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 257
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 258
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 259
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
Page 260
Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix O Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Testing After Polypectomy--Deborah Schrag, M.D., M.P.H.." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2005. Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11228.
×
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Next: Appendix P Natural History of Colorectal Adenomas and Cancer--T. R. Levin, M.D. »
Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Adults: Workshop Summary Get This Book
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The National Cancer Policy Board and the Board on Science, Engineering, and Economic Policy convened a workshop in January 2004 on “Economic Models of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Screening in Average-Risk Adults”. The purpose of the workshop was to explore the reasons for differences among leading cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) models of CRC screening, which public health policy makers increasingly rely on to help them sift through the many choices confronting them. Participants discussed the results of a collaborative pre-workshop exercise undertaken by five research teams that have developed and maintained comprehensive models of CRC screening in average-risk adults, to gain insight into each model’s structure and assumptions and possible explanations for differences in their published analyses. Workshop participants also examined the current state of knowledge on key inputs to the models with a view toward identifying areas where further research may be warranted. This document summarized the presentations and discussion at the workshop.

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