Spinal Cord Injury: Progress, Promise, and Priorities

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Spinal Cord Injury: Progress, Promise, and Priorities (2005)
Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health (NBH)

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. "2 Progression of Spinal Cord Injury." Spinal Cord Injury: Progress, Promise, and Priorities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2005.

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Spinal Cord Injury: Progress, Promise, and Priorities

Cell Type	Function and Description
	Forms the lining of blood vessels Upon injury, up-regulates cell adhesion molecules on the endothelial cell membrane, which helps to recruit inflammatory cells to the site When injured, releases cytokines and chemokines, which contribute to inflammation
	Removes microbial intruders and tissue debris Emits substances that activate other inflammatory cells and glial cells and that injure neurons
	Migrates to area of injury and differentiates into macrophages Releases inflammatory cytokines and free radicals Emits growth factors Removes tissue debris
	Found in the CNS Has actions similar to those of macrophages
	Emits inflammatory cytokines Kills cells (cytotoxic killing) Neuroprotection in part by possible secretion of growth factors
SOURCES: Reprinted with permission, from Lentz, 1971. Copyright 1971 by Elsevier, Inc.; Dammann et al., 2001. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier; Reprinted with permission, from Stimson, 2001. Copyright 2001 by Muscular Dystrophy Association; Reprinted with permission, from Caceci and El-Shafey, 2002. Copyright 2002 by Caceci; Reprinted with permission, from Merck & Co., Inc., 2004. Copyright 2004 by Merck & Co., Inc.; Reprinted with permission, from Shier et al., 2004. Copyright 2004 by McGraw-Hill Higher Education.