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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2006. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage: Public Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11263.
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REFERENCES

Alvarez, R., J.Beyea, K.Janberg, J.Kang, E.Lyman, A.Macfarlane, G.Thompson, and F.N. von Hippel. 2003a. Reducing the Hazards from Stored Spent Power-Reactor Fuel in the United States. Science and Global Security, Vol. 11, pp. 1–51.

Alvarez, R., J.Beyea, K.Janberg, J.Kang, E.Lyman, A.Macfarlane, G.Thompson, and F.N. von Hippel. 2003b. Response by the authors to the NRC review of “Reducing the Hazards from Stored Spent Power-Reactor Fuel in the United States.” Science and Global Security, Vol.11, pp. 213–223.

American Nuclear Society. 1988. Design Criteria for an Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation (Water Pool Type): Art American National Standard. ANSI/ANS-57.7–1988. American Nuclear Society. LaGrange Park, Illinois.

ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers). 2003. The Pentagon Building Performance Report. By P.F.Mlakar, D.O.Dusenberry, J.R.Harris, G.Haynes. L.T.Phan, and M.A. Sozen. January. Structural Engineering institute. Reston, Virginia. Available at http://fire.nist.gov/bfripubs/build03/art017.html


Baker, L., and L.C.Just. 1962. Studies of Metal Water Reactions at High Temperatures III. Experiments and Theoretical Studies of the Zirconium-Water Reaction. ANL-548. May. Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois.

Benjamin, A.S., D.J.McCloskey, D.A.Powers, and S.A.Dupree. 1979, Spent Fuel Heatup Following Loss of Water During Storage. NUREG/CR-0649, SAND77–1371 Rev.3. Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico.

Benjamin, A.S. 2003. Comments on “Reducing the Hazards from Stored Spent Power-Reactor Fuel in the United States.” Science and Global Security, Vol. 11, pp. 53–58.

Beyea, J., E.Lyman, and F.von Hippel. 2004. Damages from a Major Release of 137Cs into the Atmosphere of the U.S. (addendum to “Reducing the Hazards from Stored Spent Power-Reactor Fuel in the United States” by R.Alvarez, J.Beyea, K.Janberg. E. Lyman, A.Macfarlane, G.Thompson, and F.von Hippel, 2003. Science and Global Security, Vol. 11, pp. 1–51). Science and Global Security, Vol. 12, pp. 125–136.

Borenstein, S. 2002. Security Upgrades at Nuclear Plants Are Behind Schedule. Knight Ridder Newspapers. April 11. Available at http://www.nci.org/02/04f/12-01.htm.

BNL (Brookhaven National Laboratory), 1987. Severe Accidents in Spent Fuel Pools in Support of Generic Safety Issue 82. NUREG/CR-4982 and BNL-NUREG-52093. V.L.Sailer, K.R.Perkins, J.R.Weeks, and H.R.Connell. July. Upton, N.Y.: Brookhaven National Laboratory.

BNL. 1997. A Safety and Regulatory Assessment of Generic BWR and PWR Permanently Shutdown Nuclear Power Plants. R.J.Travis, R.E.Davis, E.J.Grove, and M.A. Azarm. NUREG/CR-6451. August. Upton, N.Y.: Brookhaven National Laboratory.


Chapin, D.M., K.P.Cohen, W.K.Davis, E.E.Kintner, L.J.Koch, J.W.Landis, M.Levenson,I. H.Mandil, Z.T.Pate, T.Rockwell, A.Schriesheim, J.W.Simpson, A.Squire, C.Starr, H.E.Stone, J.J.Taylor, N.E.Todreas, B.Wolfe, and E.L.Zebroski, 2002. Nuclear Power Plants and Their Fuel as Terrorist Targets. Science, Vol. 297, pp. 1997–1999.

Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2006. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage: Public Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11263.
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Droste, B., H.Völzke, G.Wieser, and L.Quiao. 2002. Safety Margins of Spent Fuel Transport and Storage Casks Considering Aircraft Crash Impacts. RAMTRANS, Vol. 13(3–4), pp. 313–316.

Duderstadt, J.J., and L.J.Hamilton. 1976. Nuclear Reactor Analysis, John Wiley & Sons. New York.


EPRl. 2002. Deterring Terrorism: Aircraft Crash Impact Analyses Demonstrate Nuclear Power Plant’s Structural Strength. Palo Alto, California [SAFEGUARDS INFORMATION].


FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). 2002. World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations. FEMA 403. May. FEMA Region II, New York. Available at http://www.fema.gov/library/wtcstudy.shtm.

Ferguson, C.D., W.C.Potter, A.Sands, L.S.Spector, and F.L.Wehling. 2004. The Four Faces of Nuclear Terrorism. Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Monterey Institute of International Studies. Nuclear Threat Initiative. Monterey, California. Available at http://cns.miis,edu/pubs/books/pdfs/4faces.pdf.


GAO (U.S. Government Accountability Office). 2003. Spent Nuclear Fuel: Options Exist to Further Enhance Security. GAO-03–426. July, Available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03426.pdf.


HSK (Die Hauptabteilung für die Sicherheit der Kemanlagen). 2003. Position of the Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate Regarding the Safety of the Swiss Nuclear Power Plants in the Event of an Intentional Aircraft Crash. HSK-AN-4626, March. Würenlingen, Switzerland.


Jenkins, B.M. 1975. Will Terrorists Go Nuclear? RAND Corporation. RAND P-5541. Santa Monica, California.

Jenkins, B.M. 1985. Will Terrorists Go Nuclear? Orbis, Vol. 29(3), pp. 507–516.


Kaplan, S., and B.J.Garrick. 1981. On the quantitative definition of risk. Risk Analysis, Vol. 1(1), pp. 11–27.


Lamarsh, J.R. 1975. Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts.

Lange, F., G.Pretzsch, J.Dohler, E.Norman, H.Busch, and W.Koch. 1994. Experimental Determination of UO2-Release from Spent Fuel Transport Cask after Shaped Charge Attack. INMM Annual Meeting. Naples, Florida, Vol, XXIII, pp. 408–413.

Lange, F., G.Pretzsch, E.Hermann, and W.Koch, 2001. Experiments to Quantify Potential Releases and Consequences from Sabotage Attack on Spent Fuel Casks. Thirteenth International Symposium on Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM. Chicago, Illinois.

Lange, F., H.J.Fett, E.Hormann, E.Schrodl, G.Schwarz, B.Droste, H.Volzke, G.Wieser, and L.Qiao. 2002. Safety Margins of Transport and Storage Casks for Spent Fuel Assemblies and HAW Canisters under Extreme Accident Loads and Effects from External Events. Report within framework of Project SR 2415. April. Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, Koln ; Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany.

Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2006. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage: Public Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11263.
×

Luna, R.E. 2000. Comparison of Results from Two Spent Fuel Sabotage Source Term Experiments. RAMTRANS. Vol, 11(3), pp. 261–265.


Marsh, G.E. and G.S.Stanford. 2001. National Policy Analysis #374: Terrorism and Nuclear Power What are the Risks? National Center for Policy Research. November. Available at http://www.nationalcenter.org/NPA374.html.


NRC (National Research Council). 2002. Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C.


RBR Consultants, Inc., 2003. Terrorist Aircraft Strikes at Indian Pornt Spent Fuel Pools. February. Herschel Specter’s testimony to the New York City Council’s Committee on Environmental Protection. February. New York.


Thomauske, B. 2003. Realization of the German Concept for Interim Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel—Current Situation and Prospects. Waste Management ’03 Conference. February 23–27, 2003. Tucson, Arizona.

Thompson, G. 2003. Robust Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel: A Neglected Issue of Homeland Security. Institute for Resource and Security Studies. Report commissioned by Citizens Awareness Network. January. Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Tong, L.S., and J.Weisman. 1996. Thermal Analysis of Pressurized Water Reactors. Third Edition. American Nuclear Society. LaGrange Park, Illinois,


U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. 1975. Reactor Safety Study. An Assessment of Accident Risks in U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants. WASH-1400. August Washington, D.C.

USNRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1976. Final Generic Environmental Statement on the Use of Recycled Plutonium in Mixed Oxide Fuel in Light-Water Cooled Reactors (GESMO). NUREG-0002. Washington, DC.

USNRC. 1983. A Prioritization of Generic Safety Issues. NUREG-0933. December. Vol. 3.82, pp. 1–6. Washington, D.C.

USNRC. 1984. Spent Fuel Heat Generation in an Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation. Regulatory Guide 3.54 (Task CE 034–4). Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. September. Washington, D.C.

USNRC. 1987. Case Histories of West Valley Spent Fuel Shipments. NUREG/CR-4847. January, Washington, D.C.

USNRC. 1996. Refueling Practice Survey: Final Report. May. Washington, DC. Available at http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/news/1996/96-074.htmf.

USNRC. 1997. Operating Experience Feedback Report, Assessment of Spent Fuel Cooling. NUREG-1275. Vol. 12. J.G.Ibarra, W.R.Jones, G.F.Lanik, H.L.Omstein, S.V. Pullani. Office for Analysis and Evaluation of Operational Data. Washington, D.C.

USNRC. 2001a. Technical Study of Spent Fuel Pool Accident Risk at Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants. NUREG-1738. Division of Systems Safety and Analysis. January. Washington, D.C.

USNRC. 2001b. Review of NRC’s Dry Cask Storage Program. Audit Report. OIG-01-A-11. Office of the Inspector General. June 20. Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2006. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage: Public Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11263.
×

USNRC. 2003a. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) review of “Reducing the Hazards from Stored Spent Power-Reactor Fuel in the United States.” Science and Global Security, Vol. 11, pp. 203–211.

USNRC. 2003b. A Prioritization of Generic Safety Issues. NUREG-0933. R.Emrit. R.Riggs, W. Milstead, J.Pittman, and H.Vendermolen. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. October. Washington, DC. Available at http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr0933.


Walker, J.S. 2004. Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective. University of California Press. Berkeley, California.


Zimmerman, P.D., and C.Loeb. 2004. Dirty Bombs: The Threat Revisited. Defense Horizons. Vol. 38 (January), pp. 1–11.

Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2006. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage: Public Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11263.
×
Page 79
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2006. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage: Public Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11263.
×
Page 80
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2006. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage: Public Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11263.
×
Page 81
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2006. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage: Public Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11263.
×
Page 82
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Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage: Public Report Get This Book
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In response to a request from Congress, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Department of Homeland Security sponsored a National Academies study to assess the safety and security risks of spent nuclear fuel stored in cooling pools and dry casks at commercial nuclear power plants. The information provided in this book examines the risks of terrorist attacks using these materials for a radiological dispersal device. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel is an unclassified public summary of a more detailed classified book. The book finds that successful terrorist attacks on spent fuel pools, though difficult, are possible. A propagating fire in a pool could release large amounts of radioactive material, but rearranging spent fuel in the pool during storage and providing emergency water spray systems would reduce the likelihood of a propagating fire even under severe damage conditions. The book suggests that additional studies are needed to better understand these risks. Although dry casks have advantages over cooling pools, pools are necessary at all operating nuclear power plants to store at least the recently discharged fuel. The book explains it would be difficult for terrorists to steal enough spent fuel to construct a significant radiological dispersal device.

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