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WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change (2006)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

WIC FOOD
PACKAGES

TIME FOR A CHANGE

Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages

Food and Nutrition Board

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Contract Number 43-3198-03-0127 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

WIC food packages : time for a change / Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages, Food and Nutrition Board.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0-309-09650-2 (pbk.)

1. Food—Labeling. 2. Nutrition. I. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee to Review the WIC Food packages.

[DNLM: 1. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (U.S.) 2. Food Labeling—economics—United States. 3. Food Labeling—standards—United States. 4. Dietary Supplements—standards—United States. 5. Evaluation Studies—United States. 6. Foods, Specialized—standards—United States. 7. Nutritional Requirements—United States. WA 695 W633 2005]

TX551.W53 2005

363.192—dc22

2005021252

Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.

For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu.

Copyright 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

“Knowing is not enough; we must apply.

Willing is not enough; we must do.”

—Goethe

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advising the Nation. Improving Health.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine


The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.


The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.


The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.


The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.


www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE WIC FOOD PACKAGES

SUZANNE P. MURPHY (Chair),

Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu

BARBARA L. DEVANEY,

Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., Princeton, NJ

GEORGE M. GRAY,

Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA

GAIL G. HARRISON,

Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California–Los Angeles

HELEN H. JENSEN,

Department of Economics and Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, College of Agriculture, Iowa State University, Ames

LUCIA L. KAISER,

Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California–Davis

JEAN D. KINSEY,

Department of Applied Economics and The Food Industry Center, College of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul

ANGELA M. ODOMS-YOUNG,

School of Allied Health Professions, College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb

KAREN E. PETERSON,

Department of Society, Human Development and Health and Department of Nutrition, and Public Health Nutrition Program, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA

ANNA MARIA SIEGA-RIZ,

Department of Maternal and Child Health and Department of Nutrition, Carolina Population Center; Nutrition Epidemiology Core for the Clinical Nutrition Research Center, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill

VIRGINIA A. STALLINGS,

Nutrition Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia

CAROL WEST SUITOR,

Nutrition Consultant, Northfield, VT

Food and Nutrition Board Liaison

NANCY F. KREBS,

Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver

Staff

JANICE RICE OKITA, Study Director

TAZIMA A. DAVIS, Research Associate (until December 2004)

ALICE L. VOROSMARTI, Research Associate (from January 2005)

JON Q. SANDERS, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD

ROBERT M. RUSSELL (Chair), Jean Mayer

U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA

LARRY R. BEUCHAT,

Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin

MICHAEL P. DOYLE,

Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin

SUSAN FERENC,

SAF*Risk, LC, Madison, WI

NANCY F. KREBS,

Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver

SHIRIKI KUMANYIKA,

Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia

REYNALDO MARTORELL,

Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA

J. GLENN MORRIS, JR.,

Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore

SUZANNE P. MURPHY,

Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu

JOSE M. ORDOVAS, Jean Mayer

U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA

LYNN PARKER,

Child Nutrition Programs and Nutrition Policy, Food Research and Action Center, Washington, DC

NICHOLAS J. SCHORK,

Department of Psychiatry, Polymorphism Research Laboratory, University of California–San Diego

REBECCA J. STOLTZFUS,

Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

JOHN W. SUTTIE,

Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison

WALTER C. WILLETT,

Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA

CATHERINE E. WOTEKI, Global Director of Scientific Affairs,

Mars, Incorporated, McLean, VA

BARRY L. ZOUMAS,

Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Staff

LINDA D. MEYERS, Director

GERALDINE KENNEDO, Administrative Assistant

ANTON L. BANDY, Financial Associate

IOM boards do not review or approve individual reports and are not asked to endorse conclusions and recommendations. The responsibility for the content of the reports rests with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

REVIEWERS

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Lindsay H. Allen, University of California–Davis

Bettina M. Beech, University of Memphis, TN

Odilia I. Bermudez, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA

Yvonne Bronner, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD

Nancy F. Butte, Children’s National Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

Kathryn G. Dewey, University of California–Davis

Philip M. Gleason, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., Geneva, NY

Fernando A. Guerra, San Antonio Metropolitan Health District, TX

Ronald E. Kleinman, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

Barbara J. Luke, University of Miami, FL

Rachel Novotny, University of Hawaii, Honolulu

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

David M. Paige, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD

Lynn Parker, Food Research and Action Center, Washington, DC

Nancy Pindus, The Urban Institute, Washington, DC

Roy M. Pitkin, University of California–Los Angeles

Christopher A. Swann, University of North Carolina–Greensboro

Laurie True, California WIC Association, Sacramento

Laurian J. Unnevehr, University of Illinois–Urbana-Champaign

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Elaine L. Larson, School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, coordinator, appointed by the Institute of Medicine; and Johanna T. Dwyer, Tufts–New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, and Office of Dietary Supplements at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, monitor, appointed by the National Research Council. The coordinator and monitor were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

PREFACE

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (often called the WIC program) has promoted the health of low-income families for over 30 years by providing nutrition education, supplemental food, and other valuable services. The program reaches millions of families every year, and is one of the largest nutrition programs in the United States. Periodic evaluations of the WIC program have found that it is an extremely successful program and an important investment in our nation’s health.

The WIC program serves a low-income population with escalating challenges to maintenance of a healthy lifestyle:

  • Increased availability of low-cost, energy-dense foods;

  • Decreased time available to prepare foods in the home and increased use of pre-prepared foods that are often of poor nutritional quality;

  • Decreased physical activity due to more sedentary lifestyles;

  • Increased prevalence of overweight and obesity resulting from energy imbalance; and

  • Increased prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Thus, in today’s environment, low-income families face a dual challenge: to maintain a secure, nutritionally adequate food supply, and simultaneously to avoid over-consumption, especially of energy-dense foods. While reduction of food insufficiency remains an important priority for food assistance programs such as the WIC program, there is also an

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

increased realization of the need to reduce the risk of chronic disease. This revision of the WIC food packages comes at a time when improving health requires meeting these two, sometimes conflicting, goals: improving dietary quality and food security while also promoting a healthy body weight that will reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

There have been many changes in both the WIC clientele and the environment in which they live since the inception of the WIC program. Furthermore, scientific knowledge of the importance of nutrition in health promotion has expanded greatly. The task for the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) was to evaluate one component of the WIC program, the food packages that are supplied to participants, and determine if revisions were needed. The committee extensively reviewed the scientific literature, heard from many speakers about the current food packages, and read hundreds of written comments from stakeholders, all of which provided important information for our deliberations. The committee concluded that it was time for a change in the WIC food packages.

The committee itself represented a diversity of expertise and experience with the nutrition of low-income families. Members included a pediatrician, two former WIC directors, three economists, two former members of the Subcommittee on Uses and Interpretation of the Dietary Reference Intakes, and an expert in health risk assessment, as well as several experts in nutrition for the target populations. The committee met 7 times over 14 months and released a preliminary report on the proposed criteria and priorities, as well as this final report on recommended changes to the WIC food packages. Each member volunteered substantial time from busy professional lives to complete this task in a timely manner. All committee members recognized the importance of the WIC program to the future of our nation and were committed to identifying the best possible WIC food packages within the constraint of cost neutrality. The committee’s dedication to this task was truly outstanding, and, in fact, several members stated that this was one of the most important of their professional accomplishments. I extend my deep appreciation to every member. It was an immensely rewarding experience for us all.

The committee would like to thank Chun-Fu Chen of the Iowa State University Graduate Program in Economics whose excellent research and computer skills assisted the committee greatly in the analyses of intake distributions and predicted intakes. Alicia Carriquiry, Professor of Statistics at Iowa State University, assisted the committee with specific aspects of the evaluation of potential benefits and risks; her advice helped the committee formulate the approach used in that evaluation. Nancy Krebs participated in the project as a liaison between the Food and Nutrition Board and the committee; her advice and counsel were greatly appreciated. The IOM staff

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

played an essential role in making the committee’s work possible. Janice Okita, Senior Program Officer with the Food and Nutrition Board, provided leadership and inspiration, and worked tirelessly throughout the process. She was ably assisted by Senior Program Assistant Jon Sanders and Research Associates Tazima Davis and Alice Vorosmarti. Linda Meyers, Director of the Food and Nutrition Board, provided advice and direction at crucial points in our deliberations. The staff ensured that the committee understood and adhered to its tasks, provided background research support, organized the meetings, effectively responded to reviewers, and compiled both of the committee’s reports. The committee owes a huge debt of gratitude to them all.

The USDA’s Food and Nutrition Service and the state and local WIC agencies have been successfully delivering WIC services to the most vulnerable of our nation’s low-income individuals for over 30 years. The committee was repeatedly impressed with the dedication of the WIC staff at all levels, and we hope that the changes in the WIC food packages that are recommended in this report will help them to make this important program even better.


Suzanne P. Murphy, Chair

Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
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3

 

PROCESS USED FOR REVISING THE WIC FOOD PACKAGES

 

74

   

 The Need for Flexibility,

 

74

   

 Priority Food Groups and Nutrients,

 

76

   

 Comparing Current Food Packages with Dietary Guidance,

 

77

   

 Considering Public Comments,

 

77

   

 Identifying Foods That Could Be Deleted or Reduced in Quantity,

 

81

   

 Identifying Candidate Foods for Addition to the Packages,

 

81

   

 Evaluating Possible Food Packages,

 

83

   

 Evaluating the Cost of the Revised Packages,

 

86

   

 Summary,

 

86

4

 

REVISED FOOD PACKAGES

 

87

   

 Description of the Revised Food Packages,

 

87

   

 Discussion of Major Changes,

 

100

   

 Summary,

 

120

5

 

EVALUATION OF COST

 

124

   

 Overview,

 

125

   

 Methods,

 

126

   

 Results and Discussion,

 

131

   

 Comparing Cost Incentives for Breastfeeding,

 

139

   

 Projecting the Effects of Changes in Infant Formula and Milk Prices,

 

142

   

 Summary,

 

144

6

 

HOW THE REVISED FOOD PACKAGES MEET THE CRITERIA SPECIFIED

 

145

   

Criterion 1, Nutrient Intakes,

 

145

   

Criterion 2, Dietary Guidelines for Americans,

 

152

   

Criterion 3, Dietary Recommendations for Infants and Children Younger Than Two Years of Age,

 

152

   

Criterion 4, Suitable for Low-Income Persons,

 

155

   

Criterion 5, Readily Acceptable, Widely Available, Culturally Suitable,

 

155

   

Criterion 6, Impacts on Vendors and WIC Agencies,

 

162

   

 Summary,

 

165

7

 

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF THE REVISED WIC FOOD PACKAGES

 

166

   

 Studies Related to Implementation and Its Effects,

 

167

   

 Flexibility and Variety,

 

171

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
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The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (the WIC program) has promoted the health of low-income families for more than 30 years by providing nutrition education, supplemental food, and other valuable services. The program reaches millions of families every year, is one of the largest nutrition programs in the United States, and is an important investment in the nation’s health. The U.S. Department of Agriculture charged the Institute of Medicine with creating a committee to evaluate the WIC food packages (the list of specific foods WIC participants obtain each month). The goal of the study was to improve the quality of the diet of WIC participants while also promoting a healthy body weight that will reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The committee concluded that it is time for a change in the WIC food packages and the book provides details on the proposed new food packages, summarizes how the proposed packages differ from current packages, and discusses the rationale for the proposed packages.

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