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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Infectious diseases are a continuing concern. They offer opportunities for a wide range of genetic modifications and could be deployed in many different ways but were not a primary focus of this report. However, the current emphasis on weapons of mass destruction has led to the development of sophisticated sensors that, when activated, trigger responses that can be costly in time and can limit troop responses. A release of materials that trigger sensors, but are not threats, is one way of decreasing battle readiness in U.S. troops. The area of application of biotechnology to military purposes is currently wide-ranging. It will expand very rapidly over the next decade. REFERENCESHillebrecht, J.R., K.J. Wise, J.F. Koscielecki, and R.R. Birge. 2004. Directed evolution of bacteriorhodopsin for device applications. Methods in Enzymology 388:333-347. McCarthy, M., M.K. Estes, and K.C. Hyams. 2000. Norwalk-like virus infection in military forces: Epidemic potential, sporadic disease, and the future direction of prevention and control efforts. Journal of Infectious Diseases 181(SUPP/2): S387-S391. MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report). 2002. Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses among British military personnel—Afghanistan, May 2002. June 7, Vol. 51, No. 22: pp. 477-479. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5122a1.htm. NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Shen, Y., C.R. Safinya, and K.S. Liang. 1993. Stabilization of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin to 140 degree C in two-dimensional films. Nature 366(6450):48. Wise, K.J., N.B. Gillespie, J.A. Stuart, M.P. Krebs, and R.R. Birge. 2002. Optimization of bacteriorhodopsin for bioelectronic devices. Trends in Biotechnology 20(9):387-394. Wobus, C.E., S.M. Karst, L.B. Thackray, K-O. Chang, S.V. Sosnovtsev, G. Belliot, A. Krug, J.M. Mackenzie, K.Y. Green, and H.W. Virgin IV. 2004. Replication of norovirus in cell culture reveals a tropism for dendritic cells and macrophages. Public Library of Science Biology 2(12):e432.
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