. "1 International Science and Engineering Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States." Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2005.
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Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States
TABLE 1-1 Number of US S&E PhDs Awarded by Selected Country of Citizenship, 1966, 1976, 1986, 1996, and 2003a
1966
% of Total
% of Temporary Residents
1976
% of Total
% of Temporary Residents
China
84
0.7
5.2
20
0.1
0.7
India
338
3.0
20.8
532
2.9
19.3
S. Korea
73
0.6
4.5
147
0.8
5.3
Taiwan
168
1.5
10.3
544
3.0
19.8
Japan
51
0.4
3.1
91
0.5
3.3
Pakistan
42
0.4
2.6
29
0.2
1.1
Total: Asia 6
756
6.7
46.5
1363
7.5
49.6
Germany (*)
28
0.2
1.7
36
0.2
1.3
United Kingdom (#)
83
0.7
5.1
123
0.7
4.5
Italy
7
0.1
0.4
24
0.1
0.9
France
9
0.1
0.6
35
0.2
1.3
Israel
60
0.5
3.7
80
0.4
2.9
Ireland
3
0.0
0.2
7
0.0
0.3
Total: Europe 6
159
1.4
9.8
262
1.4
9.5
Total PhDs Awarded
11334
18250
Total PhDs Awarded to Temporary Residents
1627
14.3
2750
15.1
aData from National Science Foundation. 2004. Survey of Earned Doctorates 2002. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. (*) Germany includes East Germany, West Germany, and East and West Berlin. (#) UK includes Wales, Great Britain, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and England.
Despite the growing presence of international S&E graduate students and postdoctoral scholars, the data gathered by different sources on their numbers and activities are difficult to compare (see Box 1-1), permitting only an approximate picture of their career status and contributions. For example, few analyses accurately describe their impact on higher education, their research contributions to US industry (if they stay in the United States), or their accomplishments abroad (if they do not stay).3 Nonetheless, the
3
Terence K. Kelly, et al. 2004. The U.S. Scientific and Technical Workforce: Improving Data for Decisionmaking. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
