“number of active members,” “daily average visits,” or “number of employees with medical clearances.” Therefore, it is difficult to make comparisons across the different centers.

The committee found that, overall, Occupational Health at NASA has established many of the elements of an integrated health program and has taken an important step toward incorporating its programs into an integrated system through its Occupational Health Website. Observations of committee members indicate that a stronger emphasis and greater visibility was given to safety over health, although that observation varied between centers. The committee believes, however, that safety and health should both be viewed as elemental components of an integrated health program.

The committee further found, based on its observations and review of existing programs, that the current organizational status of Occupational Health programs is segregated and fragmented between and within centers. The lack of uniformity in these programs is largely a consequence of a decentralized system that results in variability and lack of consistency in the collection and reporting of health data and program use at the center level.

BST (Behavioral Science Technology). 2004. Assessment and Plan for Organizational Culture Change at NASA. Ojai, CA: BST.

CAIB (Columbia Accident Investigation Board). 2003. Report, Volume 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Durbeck DC, Heinzelmann F, Schacter J, Haskell WL, Payne GH, Moxley RT III, Nemiroff M, Limoncelli DD, Arnoldi LB, Fox SM III. 1972. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration-U.S. Public Health Service Health Evaluation and Enhancement Program. Summary of results. American Journal of Cardiology 30(7):784–790.

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2001. Safe Passage: Astronaut Care for Exploration Missions. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Landsbergis PA, Cahil J, Schnall P. 1999. The impact of lean production and related new systems of work organization on worker health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 4(2):108–130.

NASA. 2004. Report on Preventive Health Services. Washington, DC: NASA.

President’s Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy. 2004. A Journey to Inspire, Innovate, and Discover. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Probst TM. 2004 (March 25). Preventive Health at NASA: A Summary of Occupational Health Programs and Employee Utilization. Paper presented to the Institute of Medicine’s Food and Nutrition Board Committee to Assess Worksite Preventive Health Program Needs for NASA Employees, Meeting # 1.