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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
×

Index

A

Access to health care, 103–106

future prospects, 107–108, 122–123

insurance costs and, 58

language barriers, 105, 106

prenatal care, 106

preventive services, 106

quality of care, 106

U.S.-born children of undocumented immigrants, 32

U.S. social services policy, 58

Adolescents

childbearing patterns, 25, 103

obesity trends, 101–102, 111 n101

substance use, 102

Advertising and marketing, 118–119, 127 n7

Age at immigration, language proficiency and, 48

Age structure of Hispanic population, 3, 23

childbearing patterns, 25

future prospects, 7, 14, 60–64, 115–116, 125, 126

poverty patterns, 97–98

socioeconomic implications, 61–64, 125, 126

Agriculture, 27–29, 66

Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 58

Alcohol use, 103

American Community Survey, 51, 53 n31

Amnesty programs, 30–31

Arizona, 64

Assimilation

distinguishing features of Hispanic experience, 5–6, 57

ethnic/racial identity, 45

health status and, 102, 107, 122

language use, 46, 118

process, 4–5, 37

tradition of familism and, 78, 121–122

trends among Hispanic population, 5

See also Social integration

Asthma, 102

Atherosclerosis, 8, 102

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
×

B

Birth rate among immigrant populations, 6, 23–24

Bolivians, 27

Border control, 30, 31–32

Bracero Accords, 27–29

Brazil, 20

C

California, 21, 64, 65–66

Cancer, 101

Cardiovascular disease, 8, 111 n88

Census practices

concept of race, 40–45

ethnic categories, 4, 21, 37, 38–40, 50, 51, 52 n8

parental birthplace questions, 50, 51

strategies for improving, 50, 51

use of surname as ethnic identifier, 39, 52 n7

Childbearing patterns

among youth, 25, 103

economic outcomes and, 124

educational attainment and, 24, 25

Hispanic family characteristics, 24

immigrant vs. native-born, 25

nonmarital, 24–25, 78, 79, 106–107

prenatal care, 106

Civil Rights movement (1960s), 38

Clinton administration, 58

Cohabitation, 79, 80

College enrollment and graduation, 7

economic outcomes and, 59, 124

expectations and aspirations, 85, 86

obstacles to, 86–87

trends, 87, 123, 124

tuition assistance, 58

two-year colleges, 87

Colombians, 44, 65

Construction industry, 66, 67

Country of origin

diversity within Hispanic population, 19–20, 23, 38

educational attainment patterns, 82

employment rate variation, 88

ethnic self-identification and, 37, 117

geographic distribution in U.S., 21–22

household income and, 94

language proficiency and, 46

political orientation and, 69

poverty patterns, 97

undocumented immigrants, 27

U.S. population growth, 26–27

wage rates and, 90

See also specific immigrant group

Criminal justice, 16 n2

Cubans, 70

access to health care, 104

attitudes toward government, 70

childbearing patterns, 79

educational attainment, 82

employment rate, 88

ethnic/racial identity, 41, 44

family characteristics, 24, 78

geographic distribution of immigrant population, 21–22

household income, 94

immigration patterns, 22

infant mortality, 101

intergenerational earnings patterns, 92

language proficiency of immigrants from, 46

poverty patterns, 97

prenatal care, 106

Current Population Survey, 51

D

Depression, 103

Diabetes, 8, 101, 107

Diet and nutrition, 102

Directive 15 (OMB), 38–39, 41, 45

Discrimination

against dark-skinned Mexicans, 109 n47

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
×

early U.S. history, 21

teacher bias, 84

Diversity within Hispanic population, 19, 32, 38

economic well-being, 87–88

ethnic identity and, 4, 50, 117

family structure and functioning, 78

political orientation, 68–69

recent patterns, 26–27

Divorce trends, 78–79

Dominicans, 65

educational attainment, 24

employment patterns, 90

employment rate, 109 n43

ethnic/racial identity, 41, 44

family structure and functioning, 78

household income, 94

immigration patterns, 27

language preferences and proficiency, 49

poverty patterns, 97, 98

welfare participation, 95

E

Economic status

age patterns, 97–98

distribution patterns, 58–59

diversity within Hispanic population, 87–88

educational attainment and, 8–9, 107, 123, 124–125

family structure and, 8, 94, 95, 124

future prospects, 99, 116

generational change, 91–93

home ownership, 68, 98, 99, 107

household income, 93–96

motivation of undocumented immigrants, 27

obstacles to advancement, 124–125

poverty rates, 96–98

trends, 5, 107, 124

wealthy Hispanics, 98–99

See also Employment;

Wages

Ecuadorians, 44, 65

Educational attainment

and childbearing patterns, 24, 25

college enrollment and graduation, 7, 14, 59, 86–87, 124

consequences of underinvestment in young Hispanic population, 3–4, 8–9, 14, 15–16, 126–127

cultural value, 86

employment and economic outcomes, 5–6, 8–9, 14, 59, 60, 61, 89–90, 93, 107, 123–124, 125

foreign-born vs. U.S. born Hispanics, 5, 46, 81–82

future challenges, 3–4, 14, 64, 68, 116, 123, 124, 126–127

General Equivalency Diploma, 86

guidance counseling and, 85, 86

health factors, 103

high school performance/graduation, 7, 14, 85–86

language proficiency and, 48, 123

mathematics instruction, 86–87

middle school performance, 84–85

patterns and trends, 7, 14, 46, 80–82, 107, 123–124

political participation and, 71

preschool home environment and, 82–84, 123

primary school performance, 84

strategies for improving, 123, 125

See also School system

Employment

access to health care and, 58, 104

educational attainment and, 8, 14, 60, 89–90, 93, 123–124

future challenges, 14, 59–60, 125

immigrant vs. second generation, 5–6, 67

implications of aging patterns, 61–64

job market trends, 6, 59, 66–67

language proficiency and, 8, 46, 89–90

Mexican presence in U.S., 20, 21

patterns and trends, 3, 6, 7, 14, 66–67, 88–91

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
×

public perception of low-wage Hispanic workers, 32

See also Undocumented workers;

Wages

Ethnic identity. See Identity

F

Family structure and functioning

assimilation effects, 78, 121–122

diversity within Hispanic population, 78

economic status and, 8, 94, 95, 124

familism in, 77–78, 122

future prospects, 78, 79–80, 106–107, 122

income pooling, 95

intermarriage effects, 79, 80

preschool literacy, 82–84

size of families, 24, 79

Spanish language use at home, 46, 48

trends, 8, 78–79

U.S.-born children of undocumented immigrants, 32

See also Childbearing patterns

Filipino immigrants, 39

Florida, 22, 64, 65, 66

Future prospects, 15–16, 125–127

age profile of U.S. population, 14, 61–64

consequences of underinvestment in young Hispanic population, 3–4, 8–9, 14, 15–16

cost of education gap, 8–9, 14

demographic patterns, 6, 7, 13, 115

determinants of Hispanic experience, 57, 125–126

economic status, 99, 116, 125

family structure and functioning, 8, 78, 79–80, 106–107, 122

health care access and delivery, 8, 107–108, 120, 122–123

home ownership, 68

intermarriage outcomes, 80

language preferences and proficiency, 49–50

meaning of Hispanic identity, 37, 38, 45, 117–119

political effectiveness, 72, 73, 121

predictability, 116–117

race relations, 6, 45, 120

residential segregation, 67–68

sources of Hispanic population growth, 6, 25, 115

strategies for increasing English proficiency, 7–8, 118

welfare reform and, 8, 124

G

Generational differences

attitudes toward language, 48–49

earnings, 90–93, 124

ethnic/racial identity, 44–45

language preference and proficiency, 47–48

See also Immigrants;

Second generation Hispanics;

Third and later generations

Geographic distribution

by country of origin, 21–22

home ownership patterns, 68, 99

implications for health care, 122

implications for social integration, 67–68, 120–121

residential segregation patterns, 65–66, 67–68

roots of Hispanic culture in Americas, 20–21

trends, 3, 6, 19, 57, 64–65, 120

undocumented immigrants, 31

Georgia, 64

Guatemalans, 27, 44

Guyana, 20

H

Haitians, 44

Hart-Celler Act. See Immigration and Nationality Act (1965)

Head Start, 84

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
×

Health care

future challenges, 8, 120, 122–123

Hispanic physicians, 105

primary care providers, 105–106

U.S. social services policy, 58

See also Access to health care;

Health status;

Insurance, health

Health status, 15

birth outcomes, 101

determinants of, 99–100

mortality, 100–101

patterns and trends, 8, 100–103, 107, 122

See also Access to health care;

Health care

Hispanics, defined, 4

Hispanics and the Future of America, 14–15

Historical context

Cuban presence in U.S., 22

Hispanic immigration, 15

immigration law and policy, 27–32

Mexican presence in U.S., 21–22

Puerto Rican presence in mainland U.S., 22

race relations in Latin America, 41, 52 n10, 120

racial and ethnic identity categories, 38–40, 52 n1

roots of Hispanic culture in Americas, 20–22

Home ownership

home equity value, 98, 99

trends, 68, 99, 107

Household income, 5, 93–96, 107

Hypertension, 101

I

Identity, 15

assimilation process, 4–5, 37

census categories, 4, 21, 37, 38–44, 50, 51, 52 n7–8

diversity within Hispanic populations and, 4, 50, 117

economic assimilation and self-identification, 92–93

future prospects, 37, 38, 45, 50, 117–119

intermarriage issues, 80, 117–118

language and, 38, 118

media advertising and marketing, 118–119

national origin and, 37, 117

racial identification, 4, 40–45, 50, 117

terminology, 4, 16 n2, 20, 37, 40, 52 n1–3

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (1996), 30, 31

Immigration/Immigrants

access to health care, 103–104, 122–123

childbearing patterns, 25

demographic trends, 6, 19, 23–24, 25–27, 61

distinguishing features of Hispanic experience, 5–6, 15, 23, 32, 45–46, 57

earnings patterns, 90–91

educational attainment patterns, 7, 81–82

employment patterns, 67, 88

geographic distribution in U.S., 21–22

Hispanic population growth without, 25–26

language preference and proficiency patterns, 46, 47–48

political participation patterns, 71

U.S. policy, 57–58

See also Undocumented immigrants;

specific immigrant group

Immigration and Nationality Act (1965) (Hart-Celler Act), 29

Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986), 30–31

Infant mortality/morbidity, 101

Insurance, health

future challenges, 8, 122–123

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
×

patterns and trends, 58, 103–106

U.S.-born children of undocumented immigrants, 32

Inter-Agency Committee on Mexican American Affairs, 39

Intermarriage

assimilation process, 5

familism and, 79, 80

identity issues, 13, 80, 117–118

International comparisons, population size, 20

Ixrael, 113

J

Jamaicans, 44

L

Language

assimilation process, 5, 7, 118

barriers to health care, 105, 106

characteristics of fluent speakers, 48

distinguishing element of Hispanic immigrant experience, 45–46

diversity within Hispanic population, 19

employment outcomes, 8, 46, 89–90, 123

ethnic self-identification and, 38, 118

generational attitudes, 48–49

immigrant patterns, 46, 47–48

non-Spanish speaking Latin Americans, 20

preschool literacy, 82–83, 123

residential segregation and, 66

significance of, 46, 123

Spanglish, 49

Spanish language use at home, 46, 48

strategies for increasing English proficiency, 7–8, 118

trends among Hispanic population, 5, 46, 48, 49–50, 118

Latino, defined, 4, 16 n2, 37

Law, immigration

demand for immigrant workers and, 27, 31–32

effectiveness, 30–32

historical and conceptual evolution, 27–32

Lomas Garza, Carmen, 1

M

Media advertising and marketing, 118–119, 127 n7

Medicaid, 8, 104, 122–123

Mental health, 103

Mexicans

access to health care, 104

census classification, 21, 39–40

childbearing patterns, 24, 25, 79

educational performance and attainment, 82

employment trends and patterns, 66–67, 88, 90–92

ethnic/racial identity, 44

family characteristics, 24, 78–79, 122

geographic distribution, 21–22, 64, 65

health status, 100

household income, 94

infant mortality, 101

language proficiency, 46, 48, 49–50

obesity risk, 101–102

poverty patterns, 97

prenatal care, 106

size of U.S. population, 20, 21, 23

undocumented, 27–30

Mexican War, 21

Military, 16 n2

Mortality, 100–101

N

Native Americans, 15

Naturalization, immigration law and rate of, 31

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
×

Nevada, 64, 66–67

New Jersey, 64, 66

New Mexico, 21, 64

New York, 64–65

Nicaraguans, 27, 44

North Carolina, 64

O

Obesity, 8, 101–102, 111 n101, 122

Office of Management and Budget, 38–39, 41, 45

P

Panamanians, 65

Paraguayans, 65

Pell grants, 58

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996), 58, 111 n96

Peruvians, 27, 44

Political participation, 121

civic engagement, 70, 121

diversity of Hispanic interests, 68–69

educational issues, 69–70

Hispanic politicians, 71

strategies for increasing Hispanic effectiveness, 71–72, 73, 121

trust in government, 70, 121

voting patterns and trends, 70–71, 121

Political refugees

from Central America, 26–27

from Cuba, 22

Population patterns and trends, 3, 7, 13, 19, 115

birth rate among immigrant populations, 6, 23–24, 25, 115

countries of origin, 19–20, 23, 26–27

Cuban presence in U.S., 22

immigration, 6, 19, 23–24, 25–27, 61

international comparisons, 20

Mexican presence in U.S., 20, 21–22

Puerto Rican presence in mainland U.S., 22

size of U.S. Hispanic population, 3, 6, 13, 19, 20, 22–23, 33 n1, 115

undocumented aliens, 27, 31, 33 n14

without immigration, 25–26

See also Age structure of Hispanic population;

Geographic distribution

Poverty rates, 96–98

Public Law 94-311, 38

Public perception and understanding

of low-wage Hispanic workers, 32

teacher bias, 84

trust in government, 70

Public services, access to, 31, 32

health insurance, 104–105, 122–123

Social Security, 98

U.S. policy, 57–58

See also Access to health care;

School system;

Welfare

Puerto Ricans, 21

access to health care, 104

census classification, 39

childbearing patterns, 24, 25, 79

educational attainment, 82

employment rate, 88, 90, 109 n43

English language proficiency, 46

ethnic/racial identity, 44

family characteristics, 24, 78–79, 122

geographic distribution of immigrant population, 21–22, 64–65

health status, 100

household income, 94

infant mortality, 101

intergenerational earnings patterns, 92

population patterns and trends, 22

poverty patterns, 97, 98

prenatal care, 106

welfare participation, 95–96

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
×

R

Race relations

future prospects, 6, 45

in Latin America, 41, 52 n10, 120

segregation patterns, 65–66

Racial identity, 40–45, 50, 117.

See also Identity

Religion, 16 n2

Rodriguez, Freddy, 75

S

Salvadorans, 27, 44

Sanchez, Juan, cover

School system, 15

ethnic distribution, 84, 87

Hispanic educators, 84

Hispanic political orientation, 69–70

teacher bias, 84

U.S. social services policy, 58

See also Educational attainment

Second generation Hispanics

birth outcomes, 101

childbearing patterns, 25

economic status, 91–93, 94, 124

educational attainment patterns, 81–82

ethnic/racial identity, 38, 44–45

future challenges, 116

health status, 122

intermarriage among, 80

language proficiency, 46, 47

political participation patterns, 71

population patterns and trends, 3, 6, 23, 25, 60–61, 115

social impact, 3, 60–61

September 11 terrorist attacks, 32

Service industries, 66–67

Smoking, 101

Social impact of Hispanic population trends

age profile of U.S. population and, 14, 60–61, 115–116, 125, 126

consequences of underinvestment in young Hispanic population, 3–4, 8–9, 14, 15–16, 125, 126–127

future prospects, 3–4, 6, 13, 115–117, 125–127

political participation and, 121

race relations, 6, 120

Social integration

future challenges, 3–4, 6, 14, 121

geographic distribution of Hispanic population and, 67–68, 120–121

Hispanic identity and, 50

intermarriage and, 80

language proficiency and, 7, 46

political participation, 68–72

public perceptions as obstacles to, 32

residential segregation and, 65–66, 67–68

U.S.-born children of undocumented immigrants, 32

See also Assimilation;

Race relations

Social Security participation, 98, 110 n75

Spain, 20–22

Spanglish, 49

Spanish-American War, 21

State Children’s Health Insurance Program, 8, 104, 122–123

Stock market investment, 98–99

Substance use, 103

Suicidal behavior/ideation, 103

Supplemental Security Income, 98, 110 n75

Surinam, 20

T

Tax policy, 70

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, 58

Terminology of ethnic identity, 4, 16 n2, 20, 37, 40, 52 n1–3, 119

concept of race, 40–45

Texas, 21, 64

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
×

Third and later generations

demographic trends, 115

earnings patterns, 91–93

ethnic self-identification, 92–93, 107, 117–118

language preference and proficiency, 47–48, 49

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 21

Tufiño, Nitza, 35

U

Undocumented immigrants

access to health care, 103–104

access to public services, 31

amnesty programs, 30–31

countries of origin, 27

economic and political context, 27, 31–32

employment. See Undocumented workers

estimated number, 27, 31, 33 n14

immigration law and policy, 27–32, 126

method of entry, 31

naturalization patterns, 31

policy challenges, 32–33, 126

recent patterns, 30

social stresses for, 32

U.S.-born children of, 32

Undocumented workers

estimated number, 5

law and policy, 27–29, 31–32

sanctions on employers of, 30, 31–32

See also Undocumented immigrants

Urban population

educational experiences, 85

home ownership, 99

labor market trends, 67

segregation patterns, 65–66, 67–68

trends, 3, 6, 64–65

V

Vaccination, 106, 111 n98

Valdez, Julio, 11

Valdez, Patssi, 55

Vargas, Kathy, 17

W

Wages

distribution patterns, 58–59

educational attainment and, 8–9, 14, 59, 90

generational change, 90–93

immigrant experience, 5

influences of immigrant labor, 59

minimum wage, 59

national origin and, 90

patterns and trends, 5, 59, 90

See also Economic status;

Employment;

Household income

Welfare

future prospects, 8, 124

trends, 95–96

U.S. policy, 58

Women

childbearing patterns. See Childbearing patterns

employment patterns and trends, 88, 90

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
×
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11314.
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Given current demographic trends, nearly one in five U.S. residents will be of Hispanic origin by 2025. This major demographic shift and its implications for both the United States and the growing Hispanic population make Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies a most timely book. This report from the National Research Council describes how Hispanics are transforming the country as they disperse geographically. It considers their roles in schools, in the labor market, in the health care system, and in U.S. politics.

The book looks carefully at the diverse populations encompassed by the term “Hispanic,” representing immigrants and their children and grandchildren from nearly two dozen Spanish-speaking countries. It describes the trajectory of the younger generations and established residents, and it projects long-term trends in population aging, social disparities, and social mobility that have shaped and will shape the Hispanic experience.

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