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Mathematics and 21st Century Biology
6
UNDERSTANDING POPULATIONS
99
Population Genetics,
99
Ecological Aspects of Populations,
104
A Synthesis of Ecology and Evolution,
106
References,
108
7
UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS
110
Computation,
116
Future Directions,
117
References,
122
8
CROSSCUTTING THEMES
127
The “Small n , Large P “ Problem,
127
Finding Patterns in Gene-Expression Data,
128
Supervised Learning,
131
Unsupervised Learning,
132
Analysis of Ordered Systems,
134
Applications of Hidden Markov Models to the Analysis of DNA, RNA, and Protein Sequences,
134
Profile HMMs,
135
HMMs in Gene Finding,
136
Applications of Monte Carlo Methods in Computational Biology,
138
Gibbs Sampling in Motif Finding,
139
Inference of Regulatory Networks,
139
Sampling Protein Conformations,
140
Lessons from Mathematical Themes of Current Import,
140
Processing of Low-Level Data,
142
Epilogue,
144
References,
145
