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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. redox state Chemical reaction environment determined by the balance of negatively and positively charged atoms replication Reproduction from a template ribose Five-carbon sugar RNA Ribonucleic acid, a molecule involved in transcription of the instructions in DNA. Some theorize that RNA was the precursor to DNA. single-strand break When one strand of the DNA molecule is broken, usually by oxidative stress or certain forms of radiation solar flare Eruption of hot gas and radiation from the Sun’s photosphere solar neighborhood Sun and nearby stars Stardust mission NASA mission to return dust from Comet Wild 2 subduction Geologic process by which one tectonic plate is forced under another Sudbury Ancient impact basin in northern Canada supernova Stellar explosion tars Complex hydrocarbons with high viscosity and melting point tectonics Theory that Earth’s lithosphere exists as separate and distinct plates that float on a fluid-like asthenosphere Titan Largest moon of Saturn TPF NASA’s Terrestrial Planet Finder transition elements Elements located in groups IB to VIIIB of the Periodic Table. They have many of the characteristics of metals. ultraviolet Electromagnetic radiation more energetic than visible light UVB Ultraviolet sunlight that penetrates the ozone layer and reaches Earth’s surface UVC Ultraviolet sunlight with shorter wavelength than UVB that is filtered out by Earth’s ozone layer VPL Virtual Planetary Laboratory, hosted by Caltech and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory volatile Substance with a low evaporation temperature Vredefort 300-km impact crater in South Africa, formed about 2 billion years ago x ray Electromagnetic radiation more energetic than ultraviolet light
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