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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 INTRODUCTION Laws and Regulations Concerning Air Quality and Maritime Safety, 8 Estimating Emissions, 10 Focus for Assessment, 22 2 CURRENT PRACTICES ON TANK VESSELS Inland Tank Barges, 34 Tankships, 41 3 VAPOR CONTROL TECHNOLOGY Maximum Control of Emissions, 59 Vapor Balancing as an Adjunct to Vapor Control, 80 Operating Procedures to Reduce Emissions from Tankships, 81 Hydrocarbon Vapor Control Systems: Assumptions for Purposes of Assessment, 83 4 SAFETY CONCERNS Accident Scenarios, 93 Historical Accident Data, 94 Potential Hazards of Vapor Control and Recovery Systems, 98 Technologies to Reduce the Risk of Fire and Explosion, 101 Mitigation Measures, 103 Risk Analysis, 104 COST-EFFECTIVENESS . The Cost of Control, 108 Operating Cost Estimates for Inland Barges, 115 Cost-Effectiveness of Hydrocarbon Vapor Emission Controls at Marine Loading Terminals in Texas, 119 Cost-Effectiveness as a Function of Terminal Throughput, 129 Cost-Effectiveness Compared to Control of Other VOC Sources, 131 ix
6 CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING NEW POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Federal Air Pollution Control Authority: The Clean Air Act, 136 Federal Marine Safety Regulatory Authority, 136 Safety and Operational Complexity, 137 Energy Conservation and the Choice of Control Technologies, 138 International Considerations, 138 Impacts on Commerce, 138 Regulatory Alternatives, 139 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY . APPENDIXES 141 143 A: Biographies of Committee Members B: Status of State and Local Vapor Control Requirements Affecting Maritime Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal Issues Affecting Regulation of Vessel Cargo Vapor Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D: Calculations of Vessel Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . E: Tank Barge Surveillance--An Overview . . . . . . . . . F: Loading Operation of Straight Cargo Gasoline into Barges with Deepwell Pumps G: Calculations of Cost-Effectiveness as a Function of Terminal Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. . x 149 . . 152 · . 166 222 232 239 243