Artalejo, F.R., S.C. Lara, B. de Andres Manzano, M.G. Ferruelo, L.I. Martin, and J.R. Calero. 1997. Occupational exposure to ionising radiation and mortality among workers of the former Spanish Nuclear Energy Board. Occup Environ Med 54:202-208.

Artandi, S.E., S. Chang, S.L. Lee, S. Alson, G.J. Gottlieb, L. Chin, and R.A. DePinho. 2000. Telomere dysfunction promotes non-reciprocal translocations and epithelial cancers in mice. Nature 406:641-645.

Ashizawa, K., Y. Shibata, S. Yamashita, H. Namba, M. Hoshi, N. Yokoyama, M. Izumi, and S. Nagataki. 1997. Prevalence of goiter and urinary iodine excretion levels in children around Chernobyl. J Clin Endocr Metab 82:3430-3433.

Ashmore, J.P., D. Krewski, J.M. Zielinski, H. Jiang, R. Semenciw, and P.R. Band. 1998. First analysis of mortality and occupational radiation exposure based on the National Dose Registry of Canada. Am J Epidemiol 148:564-574.

Astakhova, L.N., L.R. Anspaugh, G.W. Beebe, A. Bouville, V.V. Drozdovitch, V. Garber, Y.I. Gavrilin, V.T. Khrouch, A.V. Kuvshinnikov, Y.N. Kuzmenkov, V.P. Minenko, K.V. Moschik, A.S. Nalivko, J. Robbins, E.V. Shemiakina, S. Shinkarev, S.I. Tochitskaya, and M.A. Waclawiw. 1998. Chernobyl-related thyroid cancer in children of Belarus: a case-control study. Radiat Res 150:349-356.

Aszterbaum, M., J. Epstein, A. Oro, V. Douglas, P.E. LeBoit, M.P. Scott, and E.H. Epstein Jr. 1999. Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation enhance the growth of BCCs and trichoblastomas in patched heterozygous knockout mice. Nat Med 5:1285-1291.

Atkinson, W.D., D.V. Law, K.J. Bromley, and H.M. Inskip. 2004. Mortality of employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, 1946-97. Occup Environ Med 61:577-585.

Austin, D.F., and P. Reynolds. 1997. Investigation of an excess of melanoma among employees of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Am J Epidemiol 145:524-531.

Auvinen, A., M. Hakama, H. Arvela, T. Hakulinen, T. Rahola, M. Suomela, B. Soderman, and T. Rytomaa. 1994. Fallout from Chernobyl and incidence of childhood leukaemia in Finland, 1976-92. Brit Med J 309: 151-154.

Auvinen, A., E. Pukkala, H. Hyvonen, M. Hakama, and T. Rytomaa. 2002. Cancer incidence among Finnish nuclear reactor workers. J Occ Env Med 44:634-638.

Azzam, E.I., G.P. Raaphorst, and R.E.J. Mitchel. 1994. Radiation-induced adaptive response for protection against micronucleus formation and neoplastic transformation in C3H 10T1/2 mouse embryo cells. Radiat Res 138:S28-S31.

Azzam, E.I., S.M. de Toledo, G.P. Raaphorst, and R.E.J. Mitchel. 1996. Low-dose ionizing radiation decreases the frequency of neoplastic transformation to a level below the spontaneous rate in C3H 10T1/2 cells. Radiat Res 146:369-373.

Azzam, E.I., S.M. de Toledo, T. Gooding, and J.B. Little. 1998. Intercellular communication is involved in the bystander regulation of gene expression in human cells exposed to very low fluences of alpha particles. Radiat Res 150:497-504.

Azzam, E.I., S.M. de Toledo, D.R. Spitz, and J.B. Little. 2002. Oxidative metabolism modulates signal transduction and micronucleus formation in bystander cells from alpha-particle-irradiated normal human fibroblast cultures. Cancer Res 62:5436-5442.

Bacchetti, S. 1996. Telomere maintenance in tumour cells. Cancer Surv 28:197-216.

Backlund, M.G., S.L. Trasti, D.C. Backlund, V.L. Cressman, V. Godfrey, and B.H. Koller. 2001. Impact of ionizing radiation and genetic background on mammary tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice. Cancer Res 61:6577-6582.

Bacq, Z.M., and P. Alexander. 1961. Fundamentals of Radiobiology. New York: Pergamon Press.

Bailey, S.M., J. Meyne, D.J. Chen, A. Kurimasa, G.C. Li, B.E. Lehnert, and E.H. Goodwin. 1999. DNA double-strand break repair proteins are required to cap the ends of mammalian chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14899.

Bailey, S.M., M.A. Brenneman, J. Halbrook, J.A. Nickoloff, R.L. Ullrich, and E.H. Goodwin. 2004a. The kinase activity of DNA-PK is required to protect mammalian telomeres. DNA Repair (Amst) 3:225-233.

Bailey, S.M., M.N. Cornforth, R.L. Ullrich, and E.H. Goodwin. 2004b. Dysfunctional mammalian telomeres join with DNA double-strand breaks. DNA Repair (Amst) 3:349-357.

Baird, P.A., T.W. Anderson, H.B. Newcombe, and R.B. Lowry. 1988. Genetic disorders in children and young adults: a population study. Am J Hum Genet 42:677-693.

Baker, T.G. 1971. Comparative aspects of the effects of radiation during oogenesis. Mutat Res 11:9-22.

Bakkenist, C.J., and M.B. Kastan. 2003. DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation. Nature 421:499-506.

Balmain, A., and H. Nagase. 1998. Cancer resistance genes in mice: models for the study of tumour modifiers. Trends Genet 14:139-144.

Balmain, A., J. Gray, and B. Ponder. 2003. The genetics and genomics of cancer. Nat Genet 33(Suppl):238-244.

Barber, R., M. Plumb, A.G. Smith, C.E. Cesar, E. Boulton, A.J. Jeffreys, and Y.E. Dubrova. 2000. No correlation between germline mutation at repeat DNA and meiotic crossover in male mice exposed to x-rays or cisplatin. Mutat Res 457:79-91.

Barber, R., M.A. Plumb, E. Boulton, I. Roux, and Y.E. Dubrova. 2002. Elevated mutation rates in the germ line of first- and second-generation offspring of irradiated male mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:6877-6882.

Baria, K., C. Warren, S.A. Roberts, C.M. West, and D. Scott. 2001. Chromosomal radiosensitivity as a marker of predisposition to common cancers? Brit J Cancer 84:892-896.

Barlow, C., S. Hirotsune, R. Paylor, M. Liyanage, M. Eckhaus, F. Collins, Y. Shiloh, J.N. Crawley, T. Reid, D. Tagle, and A. Wynshaw-Boris. 1996. Atm-deficient mice: a paradigm of ataxia-telangiectasia. Cell 86:159-171.

Barlow, C., P.A. Dennery, M.K. Shigenaga, M.A. Smith, J.D. Morrow, L.J. Roberts 2nd, A. Wynshaw-Boris, and R.L. Levine. 1999. Loss of the ataxia-telangiectasia gene product causes oxidative damage in target organs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:9915-9919.

Barquinero, J.F., L. Barrios, M.R. Caballin, R. Miro, M. Ribas, A. Subias, and J. Egozcue. 1995. Occupational exposure to radiation induces an adaptive response in human lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 67:187-191.

Bartsch, H., M. Hollstein, R. Mustonen, J. Schmidt, A. Spiethoff, H. Wesch, T. Wiethege, and K.M. Muller. 1995. Screening for putative radon-specific p53 mutation hotspot in German uranium miners. Lancet 346:121.

Basco, V.E., A.J. Coldman, J.M. Elwood, and M.E. Young. 1985. Radiation dose and second breast cancer. Brit J Cancer 52:319-325.

Bauchinger, M., E. Schmid, S. Streng, and J. Dresp. 1983. Quantitative analysis of the chromosome damage at first division of human lymphocytes after ⁶⁰CO gamma-irradiation. Radiat Environ Bioph 22:225-229.

Baumann, P., and S.C. West. 1998. DNA end-joining catalyzed by human cell-free extracts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:14066-14070.

Baverstock, K., B. Egloff, A. Pinchera, C. Ruchti, and D. Williams. 1992. Thyroid cancer after Chernobyl. Nature 359:21-22.

Beauchesne, P.D., S. Bertrand, R. Branche, S.P. Linke, R. Revel, J.F. Dore, and R.M. Pedeux. 2003. Human malignant glioma cell lines are sensitive to low radiation doses. Int J Cancer 105:33-40.

Bebeshko, V.G., E.M. Bruslova, V.I. Klimenko, and others. 1997. Leukemias and lymphomas in Ukraine population exposed to chronic low dose irradiation. Pp. 337-338 in Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation: Biological Effects and Regulatory Control. Contributed papers. International Conference held in Seville, Spain. IAEA-TECDOC-976.

Beckman, K.B., and B.N. Ames. 1997. Oxidative decay of DNA. J Biol Chem 272:19633-19636.

Bedford, J.S., and W.C. Dewey. 2002. Radiation Research Society. 1952-2002. Historical and current highlights in radiation biology: has anything important been learned by irradiating cells? Radiat Res 158:251-291.

Front Matter (R1-R16)

Public Summary & Executive Summary (1-18)

1 Background Information (19-42)

2 Molecular and Cellular Responses to Ionizing Radiation (43-64)

3 Radiation-Induced Cancer: Mechanisms, Quantitative Experimental Studies and the Role of Genetic Factors (65-90)

4 Heritable Genetic Effects of Radiation in Human Populations (91-131)

5 Background for Epidemiologic Methods (132-140)

6 Atomic Bomb Survivor Studies (141-154)

7 Medical Radiation Studies (155-188)

8 Occupational Radiation Studies (189-206)

9 Environmental Radiation Studies (207-238)

10 Integration of Biology and Epidemiology (239-258)

11 Risk Assessment Models and Methods (259-266)

12 Estimating Cancer Risk (267-312)

13 Summary and Research Needs (313-324)

Appendix A: Basic Biological and Genetic Concepts (325-328)

Appendix B: Commetary on "Radiation from Medical Procedures in the Pathogenesis of Cancer and Ischemic Heart Disease: Dose-Response Studies with Physicians per 100,000 Populations" (329-329)

Appendix C: Issues Raised by the Institute for Energy and Environment Research (IEER) (330-331)

Appendix D: Hormesis (332-335)

Appendix E: Fifteen-Country Workers Study (336-336)

References (337-372)

Glossary (373-378)

Committee Biographies (379-384)

Index (385-406)