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Amp Animal Environment, Housing, and Management ~~'-~ =\ :$ ~ ~~/~1J~~bj~ ~ tU~ ~ ~~Ij~I~ ~~ ' ~~TI~ 7~ °~~fi~l~Z~ ~~ . ~11 Dim ~ ~~ffl~: =~IT~nt ~~ fib ~~ ~~!~ F.i,~1~ j)~4 4~ o ~~;T71T(7 S j~;~E~7F . ~~b~`l~j~= o J ~I~,k~i~:fi~lr~ ~$~1~3~!~171~ ~ 1~1fi~ I~ji;+T~li~ ° =~Dt~ ~1~.. ~~ 'J.: · Ill () ~ ~~ >~d ~~ . ~~,J\ . ~1~ ~~ o · ~;~Nq~'j~ · ~,`~l~j~ ~)~1~ T~ ~~=~=f~ o · I~wu(~ $) ~ ~~ ·=~t~J~i--~t(~J#~:~ ~~ ~~ it'll ~~)° ascot ~ ~T~0~$~F · ~4qFfi~;~3~ib7~/Eo · qb~T~I~I ~i=~-~tl~¢~$~ ~ ~~f;~tl#~fi~ Bile ~4 |~fi~F~J ~~= ' ~~ .T3~i~] ~~.~T ~ ~~q~t~ lACUC ~~~i~!i4~32~ ~~l~l~1J~T~ 9 /E~:~I~T~IT~$~ ~ ~~ ~ ~F~ ~bq~t~ 3q$~1~FRiJl~(Yt~3~ ~~b9~3~/~ 0 ~ Fib .q~,~,~aa~ ~ ~i~ ~ ~~= 61 ~~$~F~q~ ~ jE~lhb~'~ 20
~ ' ~~(~R ~.~ ' ~~ ' ~~ )} ~ ~~m a PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ~71<~ Microenvironment and Macroenvironment _ ~ ~ ~~ ~3~1~= ~ ~=R~(microenvironment);~3~3j~ ;~=~ri) ~lshit L~~ ~~ ' lE~:Pl4~:$~i~;~ $~z~P~ !l~fi~ Abbe 27~ 13i4~[~ 1 He ~~ ~ 7,I]~(macro enviromnent) ~~b~ ' Ii* ~ ~~'~q~3~1~tl~ht~eE 3~ ~~ ~~ Calm ~~ Lt7~3~ (Besch 1980; Flynn 1959; Gamble and Clough 1976; Murakami 1971; Serrano 1971) ~ ~~:~RS~ ~~l~l(~ Aloft ~35~ ~~i~(Broderson and others 1976; Schoeb and others 1982; Vesell and others 1976) I Primary Enclosures Housing ~~ 18111~ ~ Elm: ~~58t ~~ 3~ 15 lo ~:E~i~ Retrim ;~e.~V-~7~° · ~~14107$~3~:~(~r~!)~J~34 ~ ~ · i~3~$~ ° Aim do 21
· ~~ It- ~~ . _, ~~, ~~,~ ~ · ~~;Z~ ~ JO Fat E~rK~b~7K~'~:~ '~'~:l~.~i~, ~~ . I~th4~;~ ~ ~'3~ T~$~;~ >1~ ~ Bergman ~ ~~9E~l3(l)~IZ[lFi~lgll.~ 1~1) ~7~ . ~~ . a*,, o *Al T~ ~ , o HE ~..-I~. t1 ~;~1~ ~ I~ ° -i ~ ~~ :~pIJ~ o ' ~~/J'*~ ~~;~=~-~t~tR~I~/~. F~1~#1~;?;1~° 1~9~1~1~7171~ 71~( ~ 9 ~1~ . ~~j~ ~ ~~z'~ ~ ~~i~ ' t1 ~I~.~l~l~ r~ild~f~ o i~4~j~ Rodent ~.~(Fullerton and Gilliatt 1967; Grover-Johnson and Spencer 1981; Ortman and others 1983) ~ Fill t ~ Agile ~i Amp o ij7~17~ilib~ ~ I Z~1~3~Q~ ° TACUC HE ~~.1~1~iT~I~ ~ / ~~tl~1q ~05$~j' ~ ~~/F~/~57~f~J Sheltered or Outdoor Housing Ida Pit~ ~ ~~ ~4 ~$~ city ~=~. ~i~t~P~i!217~1~i>fi~3~e316 O ;EKa3$~tifi~g~ E:~.Qlfi~i-~ 113@;. ~,~IITI~ ° ~,911~5~14~1~ ~ ~= 22
~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ I ° IF ~~ ' ~7~ ~ 'I'm ° ~~ ~$~1~, Do ~~g~.~q~£~ ~ 4[~ ~ ~~ (absorbent bedding) ~ JO ~ fiNU ~ ~~ ~ /~j~Zffl$) o If · ~~; Ok ~ t1~7k(Stagnant Water)~j+~ o Iffy 9J1~ ~~.~ ~ If. h;~ffl~ 0 ~~dJ\~9j~: · ~~l~Z~b~ ~7~Z~1 . ~11~ ' I ~ . I. · ~~ ~~;~ 7(Grouping of compatible animals) o · ~~ ~~f~=~f~Ll~f~ o to.. Naturalistic Ens ironm en is $~ ~~ffl~ GIG ~J~G~t*~ ~~ ~~ ~J(~;1 art ~ ~~,~G~ Ii ~ ~ - ~ A, Hi -I ° ~~ Ok.... .~.'.~$~. illt~ Space Recommendations ~7~ ' Beat ~~ ~~ 33~/lt~7 I ~~ ~~g~$~ ° Rat ~~ ~~ i~ ~ ~7~r~ ~~ ~ art; ~l4[lhli~2~r=G9l~ ~ Ii 23
To convert square imches to square centimeters, multiply by 6.45. b From cage floor to cage top. c To convert inches to centi neters. multiply by 2.54. dLarger animals might repurre more space to meet the performance standards (see text). TABLE 2.2 Recommended Space for Rabbits, Cats, Dogs, Nonhuman Primates, and Birds Animals Weight, kg a Floor Area Animal, fl 2 b Height in Rabbits < 2 1.5 14 Up to 4 3.0 14 Up to 5.4 4.0 14 >5 , L' 2 5.0 14 Cats < 4 3.0 24 >4e 2 4.0 24 Dogs f <15 8.0 Up to 30 12.0 >3oe 2 24.0 Monkeysg'h (including baboons) Group I Up to 1 1.6 20 Group 2 Up to 3 30 30 Group 3 Up to 10 4 3 30 Group 4 Up to 15 6 0 32 Group 5 Up to 25 8.0 36 Group6 Upto30 10.0 46 Group7 >30 15.0 46 Apes (Pongidae) h Groupl Upto20 10.0 55 Group2 Up to 35 15.0 60 Group3 >35' 25.0 -84 PigeonsJ 0.3 QuailJ 0.25 ChickensJ <0.25 0.25 Up to 0.5 0.50 Up to 1.5 1.00 - Up to 3.0 2.00 >3 Be 2 3.00 26
TABLE 2.2 Continued a To convert kilograms to pounds, multiply by 2.2. bTo convert square feet to square meters, multiply by 0.09. CFrom cage floor to cage top. d To convert inches to centimeters, multiply by 2.54. eLarger animals might require more space to meet performance standards (see text) f These recommendations might require modification according to body conformation of individual animals and breeds. Some dogs, especially those toward upper limit of each weight range, might require additional space to ensure compliance with the regulations of the Animal Welfare Act. These regulations (CFR 1985) mandate that the height of each cage be sufficient to allow occupant to stand in "comfortable position" and that the minimal square feet of floor space be equal to 'mathematical square of the sum of the length of the dog in inches (measured from the tip of its nose to the base of its tail) plus 6 mches; then divide the product by 144." gCallitrichidae, Cebidae, Cercopithecidae, and Papio. Baboons might requrre more height than other monkeys. hFor some species (e.g., Brachyteles, Hylobates, Symphalangus, Pongo, and Pan), cage height should be such that an animal cam, when ffilly extended, swing from the cage ceiling without having its feet touch the floor. Cage-ceiling design should enhance brachiatrng movement. Apes weighing over 50 kg are more effectively housed en permanent housing of masonry, concrete, and wire-panel structure than m conventional caging. Cage height should be sufficient for the animals to stand erect with therr feet on the floor. 27
TABLE 2.3 Reconunended Space for Cormnonly Used Fann Animals Floor Area Aniinal, ft 2 b Anirnals Enclosure Weight, kg a Sheep and Goats I <25 10.0 Up to 50 15.0 2-5 > 50C 20.0 < 25 8.5 Up to 50 12.5 >50c 17.0 >5 < 25 7.5 Up to 50 11.3 >50c 15.0 Swine I <15 8.0 Up to 25 12.0 Up to 50 15.0 Up to 100 24.0 Up to 200 48.0 2-5 >200C 2 60.0 <25 6.0 Upto50 100 Up to 100 20.0 Up to 200 40 0 >5 >200C 2 52.0 <25 6.0 Up to 50 9.0 Up to 100 18.0 Up to 200 36.0 >200C 2 48.0 28
TABLE 2.3 Continued Ann als Enclosure Weight, kg a Cattle 1 Floor Area Anrmal, fit 2 b <75 2-5 >5 Horses Ponies 1 -4 >4/Pen Up to 200 Upto350 Up to 500 Upto650 >650C <75 Up to 200 Up ~o 350 Up to 500 Up to 650 >65o '75 Up to 200 Up to 350 Up to 500 Up to 650 >65oc '200 >200C 24.0 48.0 72.0 96.0 124.0 2144.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 105.0 2120.0 18.0 36.0 54.0 72.0 93.0 2 108.0 144.0 72.0 60.0 2 72.0 a To convert kilograms to pounds, multiply by 2.2. b To convert square feet to square meters, multiply by 0.09. c Larger animals might requn e more space to meet performance standards (see text). TABLE 2.4 Recommended Dry-Bulb Temperatures for Common Laboratory Ann als Dry-Bulb Temperature Ann al C OF Mouse, rat, hamster, gerbil, gun ea pig 18-26 64-79 Rabbit 16-22 61 -72 Cat, dog, nonhuman primate 18-29 64-84 Farm amrmals and poultry 16-27 61 -81 29
An; 2,3 l~1~,~ ~ =.'e~ bitt ~ ~~ ~ ~ p1 f~i~l~(Larson and Hegg 1776; Midwest plan service 1987) o Temperature and Humidity ~f§~,~7~i~f~ik.i~ ~ ~'~7~ IBM~fii~ ~1~$~1~j (>29.4~C ~ 85°F)~(~)(<4.4°C~40 F)~ ~ ~~.~ i~(Gordon 990)~[~;? 1~ ~!~;~1;~ ~ L1~Ef I ~ ~~3!~!~i~'lt~ft ~ ~~:~t~~e~ ~i~il~H~(Garrard and others 1974; Gordon 1993: Pennycuik 1967) I} ft~=-~fl(~34!~;14 |~;1~.~.3~ ~<t~'11~i ~ xe~l~l~ ~'tlI~@i~;~f:~ ~~ him ~~3~i~il~7'f ~ )3~cl4~f~l~i~l~ ~ It; ~:~q~ ~.~3. ~.~i~fY~q~ ~ If HiJ~f~f$~: ~~i~=~3~ . tp .~=~c~ ~ q,]~iE,~I~-~ ' ~e,q~lE,~915$~ ~~ - fit Amp; ~~ 63~7~.~ 2 4 ~~ o itch--= ~77phi I Tow< (li~i~$~i~ b~g~jyt~l8[~ ~ ~14~§g~ ~ ~3~7E 30% ~70% ;~:lta ~ 2.4 ~~:~j~:~$~ ' Baja Bill I .~.~i~f~f~f* l~f~f~ .n~f~f~f* ° . ~~ 30
~i~bE~1~ ~ . ~~,~,~eee~ ~ ~~ ~~ o . , ~ ~~ ~ ~1 A By ~C~ I ~~ . ~1J~. ~~Hpae~q~ ° JO ~~;~ HVAC ~j~i~|~14~5~L ~ ~li~~ (secondary enclosure),~,,r, ~7~ ~ ~1~i~ ~ ~~/~,~ :~ ~ ~2~ ' ~~O Illurnrnation ~6~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ T(Brainard and other 1986; Erkert and Grober 1986;Newbold and others 1991; Tucker and others 1984) ~'~Z~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 0 ~~ ~ I~Z:~I~ 1. ~ ~~:~ Dim ~ ~~;~ ~ A6~.;~.i.1~ ~ 12~,~'i9~ ~ ~~q~,~.z~4RF, ~ 24 /] x~:~3~.~i ~ ~i] 1 ~ ~q~j2~l~ ' ~~ ' ~ ' 1~3I~;~n~5(Bramard 1989; Duncan and O'Steen 1985; O'Steen 1980; Saltarelli and Coppola 1979; Semple-Rowlamd and Dawson 1987; Wax 1977) I Am-- ~ ~~.~/g~ ~~b~Z:~t~ ~ ~~lt~ l~Rqz3~3~ Levi 'ill ~q~1~ ~~;~z Il~~ 0 ~~z}6~1t~H,~s~ ~~$~ii~34 5t~ ~ ~MZ~I~(Brairard 1989) ~}~9~ ~~ · ~~H,~3j~=~~~Z~ (Brainard amd others 1986; Cherry 1987) ~ ~1~I[llt~l~i;~ (Tuckerandother 1984) o jE~.~g#~,(~'O~Z~:~ ° :~ ~ ~i~ ~Z>~b$~l ~ ;~'~ *~; lE~b~i571; ~ J6~Z~1~3~:~361 33
~~b7b Activity ~1~.~=~z~-= I- ~ ~~ ~ Lt~P~. $21 ~ !Ib~11~1 ~ h~. Y7~ ~~ _, ~~ . ~~ f 11~,~, 11~$~dil~. ~ ~i^~ ~11 ~~ h~1~ ~ ~~= ~ By ~~ Al! ~ ¢t~'l~.~l~!~i:~(AWIC 1992; Bayre 1991; NRC in Press; see also Appendix A, "Er.richtnent") ~;~9~b~C ° #~ ~~llhRZ~ U ~~jE~3~ (Roan 1990) ~ ~~7il~ ~~;J~e~. Aim ~ ~ 3~ ~1~ ~~flt~1~ ~ ~~:~J~;~ hi ~1~17~ !~151~1V#L6~;~1~ · t1P~g~ LIFT: ~~ ~~h~ ~~I.~h~ ~=~;~=~/~,~(WolffandRupert 1991) ~ ~,i~1~ ~i~h~r~ $~i¢~J~h~q 9~ - .~ - $ ° 8j:1~ HUSBANDRY 84 Food ~$~1~ ~ ~ih~b~x~i~ · ~,~ $~$~i~3K~ ° NRC ~=~h$~7Ts~(NRC 1977, 1978, 1981a,b, 19&2, 1983, 1984, 1985a,b, 1986, 198&, 1989a,b, 1994, 1995) ~ ~:~ |~1~1~8j3~4au~;~. ~ 4~.<k~G~$~72~5~ ~ 4 $1lx~i f 1 ~ =~S~;E~jaGjI~I~ an :~ ~ ~~~ ~ t1~i]~ Ohm o I l>~f~(~Ffi GO ~0) ;~/~(~ 51;~ - ~ ': E3~1~ _ FIR| ~;~ ~~ [G~j~*b~l ~ 5)G~e7~; G~I~ 37
~~*~ to Ad ~ ~~ ' 11~7 Il. ~~'~ ~ ~41 ~11~ 3~;41~ ' mama 1~F~ I~s~/~7~:~ ~ L1~J~ ° ~~L(2~°C ~ 70°F)~ Eli ~ j6~ ~ ~~. f3~Hk~ ° ~3~J~wa#[11~1~ ~ 7]C~ ~~!~a147]\`L~ - ~f~Ffi~~71~, ~~ ~~ 7, ~~, ~~ ~~ ~!i=~1~ T f9~-~ ~,(Ames and others 1993; Newberr~e 1975) ~ ~~;r1~J~ ~$~4~7~1J~T ~7 ~1~.#'4~14 ~~J#Uf7~7~=~ ~1 Ad, Aft ~ ~~ ~3,$4~ c ~~ 3 fit ~ 7 If: Vit C AIJ~J~7~,~,:f~j7~ ~ ~1~ Vit C eE344~ Vit C , $~ . y14~ ~ Vit C ~~ Awn o ~~1~1~7~0321?4~f7.~1i~1~ t~ en, t4~f7~1f~fi~ ' ~~E~i~ ° .~ ~~eE3~43~ ~ ~f~ll~.~6f~(Fullerton and others 1982) ~ ~7r ATE 4 C ~~f~il~ a ~ |~;~Ee3~4~ EERIE: ~1~ ~ ~4~¢l>1~ibE~i~7~(wost~nan 1975) ~5~EEE~ · E3~di~j~ ~ ~~J~7 ~ ~ l~l~. ~3~eEbjlr4~11~1f~ autociaved diets o E 3,$4~1~ =i~t~t~A~f~~ ' ~~ ~ eel '2~$~ ' ,A8~'EaEj~]5i. ~ ~~ ~ Is I e ~ i ~ Eg$^4f7fE~ 7I<~I~ fib Eli / ~ ~ DIE Qume All, f~$1J ~~ih~ D nor I ~~ ~ EA. ~~ ~5~Z(Amesandothers 1993;Keenanandothers 1994) o 1bt~1~$14;~ ~ ~-dil~i 4; ~~j~l~(density)~j~, ~~pj~7~e~ i0~ ~ Ad ~~E't~ EAEAA~~E~~~ f(~O7fJ~,(Leveille and Hanson 1966)~ a~l~i~fJ~i~;7~E4~;~ 1 38
> ~~ ~ ~~ o Em) ' ~~ ' $~ I I, ~~:~~ i9~bU l~l~fN ~~Ffi~ ~~ ~fift~.. (Moore 1987) 0 ~~lr..~93. ~ ~~:~jq~j ~: ( t . ~,l-~C7~R~ ~ ' :~]tt~$~:aj~(EadieandMann 1970 o ~,lc Water ~~ I_ ,. a ~~ 7]C~ ° 7L ~1~ ~7k~7E~l~l~IET l~l~(Homberger and others 1993) ° $~7k~>'~ ~ AH ~ ~~ ~~ ~1~7k~ ~ Kim ~ --at ~73~7k~ 7kN~1~ ~-~7k~ 5~e~ji~ ~ ~$~ ~ (Filler 1977; Hali an d others 1980, Hermamm and others 1982; Homberger as d others 1993) ~ BILE ~153F~,,~R33~''~ ° ok. Afar ~3'~q~7k ok= >God ok ~ ~1 ° ~~;,aLlr~1~7k~ ~ ~~*~tt~ ok ~~$~-~ k~E5l-~z~T o god ~~*~'l1~;~7k cam ~ {ant 31 ~~~ ,* . ~3_ it, ~+ .G.~7k~ ° Beddmg ~!~1~+ ~ ~3~3~,~V~ ~;~VV~3v3n333~; ° 33~ ~ ~~ ~ ~1~ ~~ti]~14~5~ ~ ~~aaa~WJJ~~ 'I~,~7~ 39
A: lL~ ~1~~~.r~e~?~r~:;~j('7.il i] ' ~~7~54~:~$g~ 1~)~ ~ =~(Gibson and others 1987; Jones 1977; Kraft 1980; Thigpen and others 1989; Weichbrod and others 1986)jiltI. ~.;~$~;~;~7ji~ ~ Softwood ~6?~ ~,h,~,~ I softwood (shavings A: chips) ~ imp !~h~;l~t4~ ~ i~!~;~;l<~,~ ~ ° Cedar ~~,~ ~ ~'~7~ ' ~6 1~/~'it (Torronen and others 1989; Wrivhbtof sof oyhrtd 1986, 1988) ~ 173~tt!,i~ ;~j~;~(Jacobs and Dieter 1978; Viahakis 1977) ~ ~3~;~'11: F~7~1~1~1~1 jib ~ ~ ~ ~1~1Itttli7:bRL1~ ~ Or ~ ~;F;fit~ lo ~~ ~~lL~r~+~S']hU;1~7 ~ c ;~aa~Y~~i~ ~ ~~/E~17~Cl~ '~T~3~++2il~l~il4~ ~ ~~l~E~j~da~|st 7ji~7~:~7]cl~1~M ~ Pilft;~1~1J}~1il~ d;z ~;~° ~~;~5~46t . ~t,~,~t~lj~$~ t1 /~ -= ~ ~~'~ ~.7~7~i~i~ ' 3i~.1~i3 Fang Z'~i '. o ~3~ Sanitation ~ Z~r~41~ ~ ~~ (I) ~ w~;:1~ ~ ~~(cleaning):~fi~(dirt) (debus) ~ ~i~'i'~;~ i3~,C~1~Y~ ~ .G.~1~$~1l~:~f~l]~ ' ~ t!~.~;~f~Zi~ ~31~i~ a i~+~e~$~q`~>4l~d~i iG_7,~;~j ~ ~3~ Z>7~/~ ___ ' ~/iN To' ___~73i/~,~,~i ___ 40
~~;~ ---~JE~',T~ If ;~,~i^~i~ ~~41~l Oslo t(~ ~(sanitation)~T(~t(.~.~. ~ ~ ~~b$~;~ 1E~ No ~7 Bedding Change I; ~1~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 3~.~'~'~71~'p~ Of, . ~-7~,1\ ~ gF~ . ~~ . !!~p(~4 ~ '~Ol~l~9J~(debilitation)fil~4RF,~;~- 1~o7~-= ~14~.Ffi~l~ ~~F~° it ~ ~~ ~ bU7f~Qll~=d ~ ~~= (pheromones):, If ~ ~~F~.~Pil~ ~~ ° =~7~Zig[~Xi~f~ Clean ing and Disinfection of Primary Enclosures (pens and runs):iil _ If~q]74<~F~i~l ~ .~ ~7~7~h~1~ I ~ ~ it ¢i';pi~ I chit ~~~ ~~ ° Mar ~ I 1 ~;~,bff~l o ~5~ ~ ~3~1~;1;~1~i~$ ~ fln~5~7ki~i~ ?h~ ~ft~;~5~ ~~ ~ ~~?~{~;~M ~~( - IT) ' ~~ . ~~ o _ ~-= ~ l~ I ~ Inch ~ ~~ 2 ~~~ 1 ~ji nil ~ 71c~ ~71c~ ~ A14~ Ice Z. he o ~~=j~~3 ~ ~~t f~i~l~Ilnit~ ~ /~;5~11~7< ~~ ~f13il37~11l~J~fi! At ~ii~72 41
17~1~ Hi ~ / ~7~ . ~~ /~ o If ' I- ' 1~ ~ ~~t~ |7i[;R~.~ ' ~q~7 ~~'~'~'~ ~ ~7~ ° ~7~F ~f$~Cli\~l~ vegetative BUZZ ~~fA~$~ o 7< j~IfK~ ~ ~14~l~l~1~.~i~7~z~ A~+gl7~7~'~l~4 '/~$4 ;~iA0;~7J</E¢t~%q~ ~ ~ 4~Cll~l'1~3g ~~lAff~A~ ~ ~~ ~ ~35; CAM: · $~ ~~ ~.~1,~ <~ ~ HI]~j !E~i~;I~!~ eq~3~ (Ward rip arid others Igg4)' $~1~147kil~ f I 148-l 80,~17e;~)~;~71c~ti ~~~ -7.Iff ~:E~7Pf Ale Off~~ ~~ 82.2 ~(~ 180 ~)lirl5;i~ ' ~75lEf7tl~;~ .' E. ~ ~-'~s ~ ~~3.A.~fl9~lt~i~ fall ~74<~£~~ f'E]~ ~ 3[J~;fAt~ 1 ~53.~!~fF~j ~ ~ Hi; 3~ ark ~ ~y(3~*.~3~ ~~7h~f~ ~ ~fl~E~A~A~ ~ ~ $§'74~;~ ~fAi~;~ ° 2711~A[l~i$4 /11i] ~ ~~5k~t,f!~7~7 71Tf 3~ ~ -a E~I tt~i;~f]i~ie3;Z -~ t14~ k~¢ 7k~ 9~7k~ hi; E~f~,..f~q~l]\~i~$ ~i~E~ 4 ~i~f~A7~;~$ f~fA~$/A~ ~7E~ ~ ~~7k~0Elj EI|Aj~ ~ / $~f~7~i{J'11i~f;ti;f~ $] 17ii5~f+~i~ 73~3° f44~di~7k~$~1 I~L~,EF7kr~ ~ ~~f,f3~AE~.~fm ~ ~~Eff~s~ f~. ' ~ ' ~,~`f~l7~i~$ll~i~f^J~f~ ~ r.il4Lit~;~f ~ ; _~$~f§'3f~E£53f~f~ ' f~7~j~ e7~,~b~ o (El E a,f ~,~_~$/7J ~ 73 ~ ~E~f~l~$J ' ~$9 ~f~(~$37~i~ 1]E~ ~I$~J7E~ ~ ];liltifi~]'~ff9~f~AnL77~$L+iiti~i~f~ }~E~ i~ ~ fi ~tl0;l~~ =~ ' t1~ ~E1E' ° 42
1~l~l>~1~i~r;~l~ ~ ~1~!8 ~'~ o ~~.~ ~ =d $21~i;j-,,~ ,~ b~;~;~33 If;- ~~ ~,~ ~11 ~~.~ ~ ;~1E~i~:~'~lZ:~ ° ~~'IX~;? m~)~$~11~(consolidated)~11~;~(blended) D =~1] Pest Control HE~~ ~~ ~1~ I Of Atom ~,~o~,~_~, 3==t~.~ tt,~:;Etd~ ° ~~ I'd .~,~.~t~9~f~f~ ~1~] 1~'1~s~14 ~ ih5~ t1~3~(Ohio Cooperative Extension Service 1987 a,b) ~ WE' Ib~i~q~ ~ Al]~:l~BJlig)L~: ~ ~ I fit ~]~tl]~0-apt i=~i56~ i~ fief' )'1'117~F1~1~1~3~ ° ~1=~ ~ 1g~/~1Sf~ 5~+ $14~i~ ~ pU~i~q(Donahue and others 1989; Garg and Donahue 1989; Kingand Bennett 1989) ~ ~~m'~$~(:~q: Am) a ~~ Field ~ ~14 ~A~ii, ° ~~ ~ ~~'U~5~ ' ~~1A~ ° ~~!;3Fi$ ~ ~!~1713;M@El~ Emergency, Weekend, and Holiday Care ih$~J~F3~ 3~AF~hULl~l ~ m~m~ig~!~04115t~ ~ LO f~i~h$~1~1~ tfcii~i~TifT~ ~ I Elf I ME ~ kl~i5E ° +~4dti56~ ~~A~ ifs her BASIL ~ ~~sg~l5gfil;~]Jfi ~f~>q~~lt~ Ii Abbe ~~.=~!j;E~ o ~~pPU~,~, =~rp~g,` 0 ~~=~3~',~J~i;E~ 0 steam ~$~!J;:~==ts~el!~h1dJ~l~s~Q ~ tf=;JltiJ~lT~;~J ~==ts4dr4 0 ~ i~$7J~;~A~tR~thl~fd~ 44
JO ~~i~l~It#(Casper 1991) ~ POPULATION MANAGEMENT ~$~;~-~ Identificahon and Records ~2~1~~i~314 ~ pO ;$q~d~ F~3~1q~ he, 9~, In, ~: ~~: U~ ~ art: In: ~~: ° ~~!Ei;~.~14~ . I'm, d~b9~ ~ f3~G~.~(r altricial i b<E=~ ~ ° Ci~l=~ ~ ~~!b~31(i~ ~ ~$~n~1~ ~ !~k~Z) f Iffy 4~=~t~ loft ~~~~, ActIf; ~~l~q~ll1~ ~h~f~tiff (NRC 1979a) ~;~CP~1~1ta~l~ ~ If= _~2~ In- ' ~~th~-~ ° ~~ ~4 ~~$~ ~ .... ~~ ~~.~ ~ ~lS3 ~~,~ cO~,K~ ~,~:q7~iq,~ ~ .I, ~~ ~ ~;~,2~ ~~ ~ at ~ ~~ 7~ tip 1~,-=, ' knew~tl$tf~l~i/~ ~~z~(Dyke 1993;NRC1979a) a =~ · ~~|i~:30 ~ ~ m S ~ ~1~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ . ~~ ~ ~~ o ~y~ $~, 1 b~ Z~,j_~ o Genetics and Nomenclature ~f~z~ ~!~Z~:~1ET~J:}i~Z~:~ :;~:~ ~(~1~ A) ~ ~~3~1 ,~,~!~FHqz~T,3P, ~ 45
$b$~8~ ~ ~1~i~ t1~ ~~.~ ~ ~~ It, ~~ ~4 to (for example; Lacy 1989; Poiley 1960; Williau~s-Blangero 1991) ~ ~/~ T(;qUtl~ ~ 9[3~ ~ ~ :~<k~w~ ~ DNA ~~ ~ I |~714~3~1~1~t=~ i~(MacCluerar~do~ers1986;Williaurs-Blangero 1993) ~~tnn~h~4 9tj~h$] tt(~.$~13~#D~ ¢~9h((Festing 1979; Gill 1980) ~ t`tnS~th$~3~utt~q;~t ¢t~6F7~-~;~'~li~;~tt~1~7~ ° ,. l~i~ ~ 9[1~,~ ~ ~*' (Cramer 1 983; Groen 1977; Hoffman and others 1980; Russell and others 1993) i (E?~q~c'Et.~(Green 1981; Kempthorne 19 5 7)~13~1~1~ ~5~2~.~i~i Z. ~ ~ ~ ~F73~5~Trs~.~7~.~ ~~ I 3~.~hn~1Ci~o ~~N ~3~ib~s3~s3=f tiff ~ h(~F13~ 7J~ By; ~3~f~4h4~J5~f~I- ~ ~~c~ ~ E! Et] ~3~:~ ~ ~qIlE~-~ \, ~,~3~ . ~1II~/~ ~EilI03~9w~123 ;i BELL ~; ° If O b347~ WE 1~?P JI1 ~ L123E~ P3$~s3~1~e7~Ti]~FJ#~ ~ ~;113 3~* ° t14~ no ~g~lJ~rn~n~r~lt~/~e=2~c~ ~t~I~(NRC1979b)~Et3~ fi~it~43h~l~iiDti JIG ~ ~/E~] ~ ~~X~(Festing and others 1972) ~n~n~7<l31~(Festingandstaats 1973; Gill 1984: NRC 1992a) ~ ~Ecn~i' J~l,(lnternational Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice 1981a ~ b ~ c) ~ ~~3~h~1(NRC 1992b) 0 46
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