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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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OCR for page R1
~ Guide {or
~ L11= ~ clot
and Use of
Laboratory
Animals
Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources
Commission on Life Sciences
National Research Council
OCR for page R2
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS · 2101 Cons(dtution Avenue, NW · Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of
the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineenug, and institute of Medicine. The members of the
committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for
appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Repon Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sci-
ences, National Academy of Engineering, and institute of Medicine.
This study was supported by the Comparative Medicine Program, National Center for Research
Resources the interagency Research Animal Committee, and the Of flee for Protection from Research
Risks, National institutes of Health/Depanment of Health and Human Services; the U.S. Depanment
of Agriculture; and the Depanment of Veterans Affairs. The grant was awarded by the Comparative
Medicine Program, National Center for Research Resources, and all agency funding was provided
under grant NIH RR08779-02.
Core support is provided to the institute of Laboratory Ammal Resources by the Comparative
Medicine Program, National Center for Research Resources, National institutes of Health, through
grant number 5P40RR0137; the National Science Foundation through grant number BIR-9024967;
the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, which serves as the lead agency for
combined U.S. Department of Defense funding also received from the Human Systems Division of
the U.S. Air Force Systems Command, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research institute, Unifommed
Services University of the Health Sciences, and U.S. Naval Medical Research and Development
Command, through grant number DAMD17-93-J-3016; and by Research Project Grant #RC-1-34
from the American Cancer Society.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication do
not necessarily reflect the views of DHHS or other sponsors, nor does the mention of trade names,
commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. government or other sponsors.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-05377-3
Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, July 1996
Second Panting, October 1996
OCR for page R3
Note
The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals was released to the
sponsors and the public on January 2, 1996, in a prepublication form. After that,
the institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR) received comments from
users and members of the Committee to Revise the Guide. The Guide has always
been characterized as a living document, subject to modification with changing
conditions and new information. That characterization results in a continuing
emphasis on performance goals as opposed to engineering approaches. The use
of performance goals places increasing responsibility on the user and results in
greater enhancement of animal well-being; but performance goals require careful
interpretation, whereas engineering goals leave no room for interpretation. With
that difference in mind, the National Research Council and the appointed review-
ers strove for accuracy and clarity. However, some errors and ambiguities were
identified by readers of the prepublication copy. Some pointed out pagination,
spelling, and reference errors. Others noted that some statements were being
misinterpreted. After careful consideration, some changes have been made in this
edition. For example, punctuation and spelling were corrected, and wording was
changed to clarify meaning. An example of changes for clarification is replace-
ment of the word "develop" with "review and approve" in descriptions of animal
care and use committee (IACUC) oversight of housing plans, sanitation, and
bedding selection; these are responsibilities of animal-care personnel, not of the
IACUC, as the word "develop" might have implied. The discussion of monitor-
ing of food and fluid restriction in small animals was clarified by addition of the
phrase "such as rodents." Appendix B (Selected Organizations Related to Labo-
ratory Animal Science) of the review copy that was sent to reviewers requested
advice from reviewers regarding what organizations should be listed; some were
added in the prepublication copy and others later. A footnote added to page 2 and
referred to in three places reminds readers that the Guide is written for a broad
international audience some of whom are not covered by either the Public Health
Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals or the Animal
Welfare Regulations but that those who are covered by these rules must abide by
them even when the Guide recommends a different approach. That admonition is
provided throughout the Guide, but its placement in the introduction was thought
important. ILAR believes that each of these changes will help users to interpret
and apply the recommendations as intended. There was no substantial change in
the content of the prepublication version.
iii
OCR for page R4
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, selF-perpetuating society of distin-
guished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of
science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter
granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal
government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Albens is president of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineenng was established in 1964, under the charter of the Na-
honal Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in
its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences
the responsibility for advising the federal government The National Academy of Engineenng also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,
and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the
National Academy of Engineenng.
The institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy
matters pertaining to the health of the public. The institute acts under the responsibility given to the
National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government
and upon its own initiative to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth 1.
Shine is president of the institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy, the Council has become the pnacipal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineenng in the conduct of their services
to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is admin-
istered jointly by both Academies and the institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Albens and Dr. Harold
Liebowitz are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
iv
OCR for page R5
COMMITTEE TO REVISE THE GUIDE FOR THE
CARE AND USE OF LABORATORY ANIMALS
J. Derrell Clark (Chainnan), University of Georgia, College of Vetennary
Medicine, Athens, Georgia
Ransom L. Baldwin, University of California, Davis, California
Katbryn A. Bayne, American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory
Animal Care, Rockville, Maryland
Marilyn J. Brown, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
G. F. Gebhart, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
Janet C. Gonder, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Round Lake, Illinois
Judith K. Gwathmey, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Michale E. Keeling, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center,
Bastrop, Texas
Dennis F. Kohn, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, New
York, New York
J. Wesley Robb, Professor Ementus, University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, California
Orville A. Smith, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Jo Ann D. Steggerda, Champaign, Illinois
John G Vandenbergh, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North
Carolina
William J. White, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts
Sarah Williams-Blangero, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San
Antonio, Texas
John L. VandeBerg, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San
Antonio, Texas (ex officio member)
Stay
Thomas L. Wolfle, Program Director
Carol M. Rozmiarek, Project Assistant
Norman Grossblatt, Editor
OCR for page R6
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of disun-
guished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of
science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter
granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal
government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences.
The Nabonal Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in
its administration and in the selection of its members, sha ing with the National Academy of Sciences
the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineenng also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,
and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the
National Academy of Engineenng.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy
matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Instinute acts under the responsibility given to the
National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government
and upon its own initiative to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth 1.
Shine is president of the institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineenng in the conduct of their services
to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is admin-
istered jointly by both Academies and the institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Harold
Liebowitz are chairtnan and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
iv
OCR for page R7
COMMITTEE TO REVISE THE GUIDE FOR THE
CARE AND USE OF LABORATORY ANIMALS
J. Derrell Clark (Chainnan), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Athens, Georgia
Ransom L. Baldwin, University of California, Davis, California
Kathryn A. Bayne, American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory
Animal Care, Rockville, Maryland
Marilyn J. Brown, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
G. F. Gebhart, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
Janet C. Gonder, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Round Lake, Illinois
Judith K. Gwathmey, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Michale E. Keeling, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center,
Bastrop, Texas
Dennis F. Kohn, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons. New
York, New York
J. Wesley Robb, Professor Emeritus, University of Southern Califomia, Los
Angeles, California
Orville A. Smith, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Jo Ann D. Steggerda, Champaign, Illinois
John G. Vandenbergh, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North
Carolina
William J. White, Charles River Laboratones, Wilmington, Massachusetts
Sarah Williams-Blangero, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San
Antonio, Texas
John L. VandeBerg, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San
Antonio, Texas (ex officio member)
Staff
Thomas L. Wolfle, Program Director
Carol M. Rozmiarek, Project Assistant
Norman Grossblatt, Editor
v
OCR for page R8
INSTITUTE OF LABORATORY ANIMAL RESOURCES COUNCIL
John L. VandeBerg (Chainnan), Southwest Foundation for Biomedical
Research, San Antonio, Texas
Christian R. Abee, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
J. Derrell Clark, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Athens, Georgia
Muriel T. Davisson, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
Bennett Dyke, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio,
Texas
Neal L. First, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
James W. Glosser, Massillon, Ohio
John P. Hearn, Wisconsin Regional Pnmate Research Center, Madison
Margaret S. Landi, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia,
Pennsylvania
Gail Martin, University of California, San Francisco, California
Charles R. McCarthy, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University,
Washington, D.C.
Robert J. Russell, Harlan Sprague Dawley, Fredenck, Maryland
Richard C. Van Sluyters, University of California, Berkeley, California
John G. Vandenbergh, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North
Carolina
Peter A. Ward, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Thomas D. Pollard, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland (ex officio member)
Stan
Eric A. Fischer, Director
Thomas L. Wolfle, Program Director
Mara L. Glenshaw, Research Assistant
Carol M. Rozmiarek, Project Assistant
The institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR) was founded in 1952
under the auspices of the National Research Council. A component of the Com-
mission on Life Sciences, ILAR develops guidelines and disseminates informa-
tion on the scientific, technological, and ethical use of animals and related bio-
logical resources in research, testing, and education. ILAR promotes high-quality,
humane care of animals and the appropriate use of animals and alternatives.
ILAR functions within the mission of the National Academy of Sciences as an
advisor to the federal government, the biomedical research community, and the
public.
vi
OCR for page R9
COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES
Thomas D. Pollard (Chairman), The Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Frederick R. Anderson, Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C.
John C. Bailar, III, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
John E. Burris, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Michael T. Clegg, University of California, Riverside, California
Glenn A. Crosby, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
Ursula W. Goodenough, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
Susan E. Leeman, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston,
Massachusetts
Richard E. Lensh, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Thomas E. Lovejoy, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Donald R. Mattison, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Joseph E. Murray, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts
Edward E. Penhoet, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California
Emil A. Pfitzer, Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., Hackensack,
New Jersey
Malcolm C. Pike, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los
Angeles, California
Henry C. Pitot, III, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Madison,
Wisconsin
Jonathan M. Samet, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Harold M. Schmeck, Jr., North Chatham, Massachusetts
Carla J. Shatz, University of California, Berkeley, California
John L. VandeBerg, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San
Antonio, Texas
Staff: Paul Gilman, Executive Director
vii
OCR for page R10
Preface
The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (the Guide) was first
published in 1963 under the title Guide for Laboratory Animal Facilities and
Care and was revised in 1965, 1968, 1972, 1978, and 1985. More than 400.000
copies have been distributed since it was first published, and it is widely accepted
as a primary reference on animal care and use. The changes and new material in
this seventh edition are in keeping with the belief that the Guide is subject to
modification with changing conditions and new information.
The purpose of the Guide, as expressed in the charge to the Committee to
Revise the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, is to assist insti-
tutions in caring for and using animals in ways judged to be scientifically, techni-
cally, and humanely appropriate. The Guide is also intended to assist investiga-
tors in fulfilling their obligation to plan and conduct animal experiments in accord
with the highest scientific, humane, and ethical principles. The recommendations
are based on published data, scientific principles, expert opinion, and experience
with methods and practices that have proved to be consistent with high-quality,
humane animal care and use.
Previous editions of the Guide were supported solely by the National Insti-
tutes of Health (NIH) and published by the Government Printing Office. As an
indication of its wide use, this edition was financially supported by NIH, the
Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Veterans Affairs and was
published by the National Academy Press.
The Guide is organized into four chapters on the major components of an
animal care and use program: institutional policies and responsibilities; animal
environment, housing, and management; veterinary medical care; and physical
in
OCR for page R11
x
PREFACE
plant. Responsibilities of institutional officials, institutional animal care and use
committees. investigators, and veterinarians are discussed in each chapter.
In 1991. an ad hoc committee appointed by the Institute of Laboratory Ani-
mal Resources (ILAR) recommended that the Guide be revised. The Committee
to Revise the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals was appointed
in 1993 by the National Research Council; its 15 members included research
scientists, veterinarians, and nonscientists representing bioethics and the public s
interest in animal welfare.
Before revision began. written and oral comments on the Guide were solic-
ited widely from the scientific community and the general public. Open meetings
were held in Washington, D.C., on December 1, 1993; in San Francisco, Califor-
nia, on February 2, 1994; and in St. Louis, Missoun, on February 4, 1994. Com-
ments made at those meetings and written comments were considered by the
committee and contributed substantially to this revision of the Guide.
The committee acknowledges the contributions of William I. Gay and
Bennett J. Cohen in the development of the original Guide. In 1959, Animal Care
Panel (ACP) President Cohen appointed the Committee on Ethical Consider-
ations in the Care of Laboratory Animals to evaluate animal care and use. That
committee was chaired by Dr. Gay, who soon recognized that the committee
could not evaluate animal-care programs objectively without appropriate criteria
on which to base its evaluations; that is, standards were needed. The ACP execu-
tive committee agreed, and the Professional Standards Committee was appointed.
NIT later awarded the ACP a contract to "determine and establish a professional
standard for laboratory animal care and facilities." Dr. Cohen chaired the ACP
Animal Facilities Standards Committee, which prepared the first Guide for Labo-
ratory Animal Facilities and Care.
The Committee to Revise the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory
Animals expresses its appreciation to the Animal Welfare Information Center,
National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture, for its assistance
in compiling bibliographies and references. This task would have been quite
formidable without their help. Appreciation is also extended to the reviewers of
the volume, to Norman Grossblatt for editing the manuscript, to Carol Rozmiarek
for providing exemplary secretarial assistance and preparing multiple drafts, and
to Thomas L. Wolfle, who managed the process from beginning to end.
Readers who detect errors of omission or commission are invited to send
corrections and suggestions to the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources,
National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC
20418.
Derrell Clark, Chairman
Committee to Revise the Guide for the
Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
OCR for page R12
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