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Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (2007)
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP)

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. "5 What Actions Should America Take in K–12 Science and Mathematics Education to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century?." Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2007.

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Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future

The model for this recommendation is the Dallas-based AP Incentive Program (APIP),36 which offers financial incentives to prepare teachers to teach demanding courses to ever-increasing numbers of secondary school students. To serve as large a percentage of students as possible, APIP has been coupled with a pre-AP program, Laying the Foundation, which begins in the 6th grade to help students prepare for 11th-and 12th-grade AP and IB examinations. Teachers use vertically aligned lessons based on national standards and final, comprehensive end-of-course examinations to measure mastery of essential concepts. The process continues through middle and high schools to ensure that graduating seniors are prepared for college work.

The foundation for each program is intensive, 4-year professional development, focused on content, delivered by the College Board and by master teachers in local school districts. Assuming satisfactory performance, AP/IB teachers can, under the proposed program, receive annual incentive payments of $1,800 and pre-AP teachers receive annual incentive payments of $1,000. AP/IB teachers also receive a $100 bonus for each student who passes an AP examination in mathematics or science. Pre-AP teachers receive a $25 bonus for each students who passes the end-of-course examination.

To reach currently underserved areas or populations of students with specific learning needs, it might be useful to consider implementing online learning. The University of California College Prep program (UCCP) makes AP courses available to students who enroll individually or as part of a school group. In either case, they have online access to teachers and tutors. The more than 5,000 students currently enrolled are taught by certified teachers and tutored by paid university undergraduates and graduate students.

36

APIP is part of a statewide initiative to raise educational standards. See Texas Education Agency. Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate Examination Results in Texas, 2001-2002. Doc. No. GE03 601 08. Austin, TX: TEA, 2003. In 2001, the Texas Legislature enacted the Gold Performance Acknowledgement (GPA) system to acknowledge districts and campuses for high performance on indicators not used to determine accountability ratings (TEC, §39.0721, 2001). Included is an AP/IB indicator that measures the percentage of non-special-education students who take an AP or IB examination and the combined percentage of non-special-education examinees at or above the criterion score on at least one AP or IB examination (TEC §39.0721, 2001). The percentage of examinations with high scores on AP or IB was kept as a report-only performance indicator (TEA, 2002). GPA acknowledgment is given when non-special-education 11th- and 12th-graders take at least one AP or IB examination, represent 15% or more of the non-special-education in 11th- and 12th-grade students, and 50% or more of those examinees have at least one score of 3 or above on an AP examination or 4 or above on an IB examination.

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127
Front Matter (R1-R26)
Executive Summary (1-22)
1 A Disturbing Mosaic (23-40)
2 Why Are Science and Technology Critical to America's Prosperity in the 21st Century? (41-67)
3 How Is America Doing Now in Science and Technology? (68-106)
4 Method (107-111)
5 What Actions Should America Take in K–12 Science and Mathematics Education to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century? (112-135)
6 What Actions Should America Take in Science and Engineering Research to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century? (136-161)
7 What Actions Should America Take in Science and Engineering Higher Education to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century? (162-181)
8 What Actions Should America Take in Economic and Technology Policy to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century? (182-203)
9 What Might Life in the United States Be Like if It Is Not Competitive in Science and Technology? (204-224)
Appendix A Committee and Professional Staff Biographic Information (225-240)
Appendix B Statement of Task and Congressional Correspondence (241-248)
Appendix C Focus-Group Sessions (249-300)
Appendix D Issue Briefs (301-302)
K–12 Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education (303-324)
Attracting the Most Able US Students to Science and Engineering (325-341)
Undergraduate, Graduate, and Postgraduate Education in Science, Engineering, and Mathematics (342-356)
Implications of Changes in the Financing of Public Higher Education (357-376)
International Students and Researchers in the United States (377-396)
Achieving Balance and Adequacy in Federal Science and Technology Funding (397-414)
The Productivity of Scientific and Technological Research (415-422)
Investing in High-Risk and Breakthrough Research (423-431)
Ensuring That the United States Is at the Forefront in Critical Fields of Science and Technology (432-443)
Understanding Trends in Science and Technology Critical to US Prosperity (444-454)
Ensuring That the United States Has the Best Environment for Innovation (455-472)
Scientific Communication and Security (473-482)
Science and Technology Issues in National and Homeland Security (483-500)
Appendix E Estimated Recommendation Cost Tables (501-512)
Appendix F K–12 Education Recommendations Supplementary Information (513-516)
Appendix G Bibliography (517-536)
Index (537-564)