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Appendix A
Committee and Professional Staff
Biographic Information
NORMAN R. AUGUSTINE [NAE] (Chair) retired in 1997 as chair and
chief executive officer of Lockheed Martin Corporation. Previously, he
served as chair and chief executive officer of the Martin Marietta Corpora-
tion. On retiring, he joined the faculty of the Department of Mechanical
and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University. Earlier in his career, he
had served as under secretary of the Army and as assistant director of
defense research and engineering. Mr. Augustine has been chair of the
National Academy of Engineering and served 9 years as chairman of the
American Red Cross. He has also been president of the American Institute
of Aeronautics and Astronautics and served as chairman of the Jackson
Foundation for Military Medicine. He has been a trustee of the Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology and Princeton. He is a trustee emeritus of
Johns Hopkins University and serves on the President’s Council of Advisors
on Science and Technology and on the Department of Homeland Security’s
Advisory Council. He is a former chairman of the Defense Science Board.
He is on the boards of Black and Decker, Lockheed Martin, Procter and
Gamble, and Phillips Petroleum, and he has served as chairman of the
Business Roundtable Taskforce on Education. He has received the National
Medal of Technology and the Department of Defense’s highest civilian
award, the Distinguished Service Medal, five times. Mr. Augustine holds a
BSE and an MSE in aeronautical engineering, both from Princeton Univer-
sity, and has received 19 honorary degrees. He is the author or coauthor of
four books.
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226 RISING ABOVE THE GATHERING STORM
CRAIG R. BARRETT [NAE] is chief executive officer of Intel Corpora-
tion. He received a BSc in 1961, an MS in 1963, and a PhD in 1964, all in
materials science from Stanford University. After graduation, he joined the
faculty of Stanford University in the Department of Materials Science and
Engineering and remained through 1974, rising to the rank of associate
professor. Dr. Barrett was a Fulbright Fellow at Danish Technical Univer-
sity in Denmark in 1972 and a North Atlantic Trade Organization Post-
doctoral Fellow at the National Physical Laboratory in England from 1964
to 1965. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1994
and became NAE chair in July 2004. Dr. Barrett joined Intel in 1974 as a
technology-development manager. He was named a vice president in 1984,
and was promoted to senior vice president in 1987 and executive vice
president in 1990. Dr. Barrett was elected to Intel’s board of directors in
1992 and was named the company’s chief operating officer in 1993. He
became Intel’s fourth president in May 1997 and chief executive officer in
1998. Dr. Barrett is a member of the boards of directors of Qwest Commu-
nications International Inc., the National Forest Foundation, Achieve, Inc.,
the Silicon Valley Manufacturing Group, and the Semiconductor Industry
Association. In addition to serving as cochairman of the National Alliance
of Business Coalition for Excellence in Education, Dr. Barrett served on the
National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching for the 21st
Century (also known as the Glenn Commission). Dr. Barrett is the author
of over 40 technical papers dealing with the influence of microstructure on
the properties of materials and of a textbook on materials science, Prin-
ciples of Engineering Materials. He was the recipient of the American Insti-
tute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Hardy Gold Medal
in 1969.
GAIL CASSELL [IOM] is vice president of scientific affairs and Distin-
guished Lilly Research Scholar for Infectious Diseases of Eli Lilly and Com-
pany. She was previously the Charles H. McCauley Professor and chairman
of the Department of Microbiology at the University of Alabama Schools of
Medicine and Dentistry at Birmingham, a department that ranked first in
research funding from the National Institutes of Health under her leader-
ship. She is a current member of the Director’s Advisory Committee of the
National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. She is a past presi-
dent of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), a former member of
the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director’s Advisory Committee,
and a former member of the Advisory Council of the National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH. Dr. Cassell served 8 years on the
Bacteriology-Mycology 2 Study Section and as chair for 3 years. She also
was previously chair of the Board of Scientific Councilors of the Center for
Infectious Diseases of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dr.
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APPENDIX A
Cassell has been intimately involved in establishment of science policy and
legislation related to biomedical research and public health. She is the
chairman of the Public and Scientific Affairs Board of ASM, is a member of
the Institute of Medicine, has served as an adviser on infectious diseases and
indirect costs of research to the White House Office of Science and Tech-
nology Policy, and has been an invited participant in numerous congres-
sional hearings and briefings related to infectious diseases, antimicrobial
resistance, and biomedical research. She has served on several editorial
boards of scientific journals and has written over 250 articles and book
chapters. Dr. Cassell has received several national and international awards
and an honorary degree for her research in infectious diseases.
STEVEN CHU [NAS] is the director of E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, and a professor of physics and cellular and molecular biology
at the University of California, Berkeley. Previously, he held positions at
Stanford University and AT&T Bell Laboratories. Dr. Chu’s research in
atomic physics, quantum electronics, polymer physics, and biophysics in-
cludes tests of fundamental theories in physics, the development of methods
to laser-cool and trap atoms, atom interferometry, and the manipulation
and study of polymers and biologic systems at the single-molecule level.
While at Stanford, he helped to start Bio-X, a multidisciplinary initiative
that brings together the physical and biologic sciences with engineering and
medicine. Dr. Chu has received numerous awards and is a cowinner of the
Nobel Prize in physics (1997). He is a member of the National Academy of
Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, and the Academica Sinica and is a foreign member of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Korean Academy of Science and
Engineering. Dr. Chu also serves on the boards of the William and Flora
Hewlett Foundation, the University of Rochester, NVIDIA, and the
(planned) Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology. He has served on
numerous advisory committees, including the Executive Committee of the
National Academy of Sciences Board on Physics and Astronomy, the Na-
tional Institutes of Health Advisory Committee to the Director, and the
National Nuclear Security Administration Advisory Committee to the Di-
rector. Dr. Chu received his AB degrees in mathematics and physics from
the University of Rochester, a PhD in physics from the University of Cali-
fornia, Berkeley, and a number of honorary degrees.
ROBERT M. GATES has been the president of Texas A&M University, a
land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant university, since August 2002. Dr.
Gates served as interim dean of the George Bush School of Government and
Public Service at Texas A&M from 1999 to 2001. He served as director of
central intelligence from November 1991 until January 1993. In that posi-
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228 RISING ABOVE THE GATHERING STORM
tion, he headed all foreign-intelligence agencies of the United States and
directed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Dr. Gates is the only career
officer in CIA’s history to rise from entry-level employee to director. He
served as deputy director of central intelligence from 1986 to 1989 and as
assistant to the president and deputy national security adviser at the White
House from January 1989 to November 1991. Dr. Gates joined the CIA in
1966 and spent nearly 27 years as an intelligence professional, serving six
presidents. During that period, he spent nearly 9 years at the National
Security Council, serving four presidents of both political parties. Dr. Gates
has been awarded the National Security Medal and the Presidential Citizens
Medal, has twice received the National Intelligence Distinguished Service
Medal, and has three times received CIA’s highest award, the Distinguished
Intelligence Medal. He is the author of the memoir From the Shadows: The
Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold
War, published in 1996. He serves as a member of the board of trustees of
the Fidelity Funds and on the board of directors of NACCO Industries,
Inc., Brinker International, Inc., and Parker Drilling Company, Inc. Dr.
Gates received his bachelor’s degree from the College of William and Mary,
his master’s degree in history from Indiana University, and his doctorate in
Russian and Soviet history from Georgetown University.
NANCY S. GRASMICK is Maryland’s first female state superintendent of
schools. She has served in that post since 1991. Dr. Grasmick’s career in
education began as a teacher of deaf children at the William S. Baer School
in Baltimore City. She later served as a classroom and resource teacher,
principal, supervisor, assistant superintendent, and associate superinten-
dent in the Baltimore County Public Schools. In 1989, she was appointed
special secretary for children, youth, and families, and in 1991, the state
Board of Education appointed her state superintendent of schools. Dr.
Grasmick holds a PhD from the Johns Hopkins University, an MS from
Gallaudet University, and a BS from Towson University. She has been a
teacher, an administrator, and a child advocate. Her numerous board and
commission appointments include the President’s Commission on Excel-
lence in Special Education, the US Army War College Board of Visitors, the
Towson University Board of Visitors, the state Planning Committee for
Higher Education, and the Maryland Business Roundtable for Education.
Dr. Grasmick has received numerous awards for leadership, including the
Harold W. McGraw, Jr. Prize in Education.
CHARLES O. HOLLIDAY, JR. [NAE] is the chairman of the board and
chief executive officer of DuPont. He became chief executive officer in 1998
and chairman in 1999. He started at DuPont in 1970 at DuPont’s Old
Hickory site after receiving a BS in industrial engineering from the Univer-
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APPENDIX A
sity of Tennessee. He is a licensed professional engineer. In 2004, he was
elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering and became
chairman of the Business Roundtable’s Task Force for Environment, Tech-
nology, and Economy the same year. Mr. Holliday is a past chairman of the
World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), the Busi-
ness Council, and the Society of Chemical Industry–American Section. While
chairman of WBCSD, Mr. Holliday was coauthor of Walking the Talk,
which details the business case for sustainable development and corporate
responsibility. Mr. Holliday also serves on the board of directors of HCA,
Inc. and Catalyst and is a former director of Analog Devices.
SHIRLEY ANN JACKSON [NAE] is the 18th president of Rensselaer Poly-
technic Institute, the oldest technologic research university in the United
States, and has held senior leadership positions in government, industry,
research, and academe. Dr. Jackson is immediate past president of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and chair-
man of the AAAS board of directors, a member of the National Academy of
Engineering, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
and the American Physical Society, and she has advisory roles in other
national organizations. She is a trustee of the Brookings Institution, a life
member of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Corporation, a mem-
ber of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a member of the Executive
Committee of the Council on Competitiveness. She serves on the boards of
Georgetown University and Rockefeller University, on the board of direc-
tors of the New York Stock Exchange, and on the board of regents of the
Smithsonian Institution, and she is a director of several major corporations.
Dr. Jackson was chairman of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission in
1995-1999; at the Commission, she reorganized the agency and revamped
its regulatory approach by articulating and moving strongly to risk-
informed, performance-based regulation. Before then, she was a theoretical
physicist at the former AT&T Bell Laboratories and a professor of theoreti-
cal physics at Rutgers University. Dr. Jackson holds an SB in physics, a PhD
in theoretical elementary-particle physics from the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, and 31 honorary doctoral degrees.
ANITA K. JONES [NAE] is Lawrence R. Quarles Professor of Engineering
and Applied Science. She received her PhD in computer science from
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in 1973. She left CMU as an associate
professor when she cofounded Tartan Laboratories. She was vice-president
of Tartan from 1981 to 1987. In 1988, she joined the University of Virginia
as a professor and the chair of the Computer Science Department. From
1993 to 1997 she served at the US Department of Defense, where as direc-
tor of defense research and engineering, she oversaw the department’s sci-
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230 RISING ABOVE THE GATHERING STORM
ence and technology program, research laboratories, and the Defense Ad-
vanced Research Projects Agency. She received the US Air Force Meritori-
ous Civilian Service Award and a Distinguished Public Service Award. She
served as vice chair of the National Science Board and cochair of the
Virginia Research and Technology Advisory Commission. She is a member
of the Defense Science Board, the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory Corpo-
ration, National Research Council Advisory Council for Policy and Global
Affairs, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Corporation. She is
a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and American Association for the Ad-
vancement Science, and she is the author of 45 papers and two books.
JOSHUA LEDERBERG [NAS/IOM] is Sackler Foundation Scholar at
Rockefeller University in New York. He is a cowinner of the Nobel Prize in
1958 for his research in genetic structure and function in microorganisms.
As a graduate student at Yale University, Dr. Lederberg and his mentor
showed that the bacterium Escherichia coli could share genetic information
through recombinant events. He went on to show in 1952 that bacterio-
phages could transfer genetic information between bacteria in Salmonella.
In addition to his contributions to biology, Dr. Lederberg did extensive
research in artificial intelligence, including work in the National Aeronau-
tics and Space Administration experimental programs seeking life on Mars
and the chemistry expert system DENDRAL. Dr. Lederberg is professor
emeritus of molecular genetics and informatics. He received his PhD from
Yale University in 1948.
RICHARD LEVIN is the president of Yale University and Frederick Will-
iam Beinecke Professor of Economics. In his writings and public testimony,
Dr. Levin has described the substantial benefits of government funding of
basic scientific research conducted by universities. A specialist in the eco-
nomics of technologic change, Dr. Levin has written extensively on such
subjects as intellectual-property rights, the patent system, industrial re-
search and development, and the effects of antitrust and public regulation
on private industry. Before his appointment as president, he devoted him-
self for two decades to teaching, research, and administration. He chaired
Yale’s Economics Department and served as dean of the Graduate School
of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Levin is a director of Lucent Technologies and a
trustee of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, one of the largest
philanthropic organizations in the United States. He served on a presiden-
tial commission reviewing the US Postal Service and as a member of the
bipartisan commission reviewing US intelligence capabilities. As a member
of the Board of Science, Technology, and Economic Policy at the National
Academy of Sciences, Dr. Levin cochaired a committee that examined the
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APPENDIX A
effects of intellectual-property rights policies on scientific research and made
recommendations for a patent system meeting the needs of the 21st century.
He received his bachelor’s degree in history from Stanford University in
1968 and studied politics and philosophy at Oxford University, where he
earned a bachelor of letters. In 1974, he received his PhD in economics
from Yale and was named to the Yale faculty. He holds honorary degrees
awarded by Peking, Harvard, Princeton, and Oxford Universities. He is a
fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
C. D. (DAN) MOTE, JR. [NAE] began his tenure as president of the
University of Maryland and as Glenn L. Martin Institute Professor of Engi-
neering in 1998. Before assuming the presidency at Maryland, Dr. Mote
served on the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) faculty for 31 years.
From 1991 to 1998, he was vice chancellor at UCB, held an endowed chair
in mechanical systems, and was president of the UC Berkeley Foundation.
He earlier served as chair of UCB’s Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Dr. Mote’s research is in dynamic systems and biomechanics. Internation-
ally recognized for his research on the dynamics of gyroscopic systems and
the biomechanics of snow skiing, he has produced more than 300 publica-
tions; holds patents in the United States, Norway, Finland, and Sweden;
and has mentored 56 PhD students. He received his BS, MS, and PhD in
mechanical engineering from UCB. Dr. Mote has received numerous awards
and honors, including the Humboldt Prize awarded by the Federal Republic
of Germany. He is a recipient of the Berkeley Citation, an award from the
University of California similar to an honorary doctorate, and was named
distinguished engineering alumnus. He has received three honorary degrees.
He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and serves on its
Council. He was elected to honorary membership in the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers International, its most distinguished recognition,
and is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Interna-
tional Academy of Wood Science, the Acoustical Society of America, and
the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He serves as
director of the Technology Council of Maryland and the Greater Washing-
ton Board of Trade. In its latest survey, Washington Business Forward
magazine named him one of the 20 most influential people in the metro-
politan Washington area.
CHERRY MURRAY [NAS, NAE] is the deputy director for science and
technology at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), in which
she is the senior executive responsible for overseeing the quality of science
and technology in the laboratory’s scientific and technical programs and
disciplines. Dr. Murray came to LLNL from Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies,
where she served as senior vice president for physical sciences and wireless
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232 RISING ABOVE THE GATHERING STORM
research. She joined Bell Labs in 1978 as a member of the technical staff. She
was promoted to a number of positions over the years, including department
head for low-temperature physics, department head for condensed-matter
physics and semiconductor physics, and director of the physical research
laboratory. In 2000, Dr. Murray became vice president for physical sciences,
and in 2001, senior vice president. Dr. Murray received her BS and PhD in
physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
PETER O’DONNELL, JR. is president of the O’Donnell Foundation of
Dallas, a private foundation that develops and funds model programs
designed to strengthen engineering and science education and research.
In higher education, the O’Donnell Foundation provided the challenge
grant that led to the creation of 32 science and engineering chairs at the
University of Texas (UT) at Austin. Also at UT-Austin, it developed the
plan that created the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sci-
ence, and it constructed the Applied Computational Engineering and Sci-
ence Building to foster interdisciplinary research at the gradate level. In
medicine, Mr. O’Donnell endowed the Scholars in Medical Research Pro-
gram, designed to launch the most promising new assistant professors on
their biomedical careers and thereby help to develop future leaders of
medical science. In public education, Mr. O’Donnell created the Advanced
Placement Incentive Program, which has increased the number of stu-
dents, especially Hispanic and Black students, who pass college-level
courses in mathematics, science, and English while still in high school.
The incentive program is now in 43 school districts in Texas and served as
the model for both the state of Texas and the federal Advanced Placement
(AP) incentive programs. Mr. O’Donnell is chairman of Advanced Place-
ment Strategies, Inc., a nonprofit organization he founded to manage and
implement the AP incentive program in Texas schools. He served as a
member of President Reagan’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, as
commissioner of the Texas National Research Laboratory Commission,
and on the State of Texas Select Committee on Higher Education. He is a
trustee of the Cooper Institute, a member of the Presidents’ Circle of the
National Academy of Sciences, and a founding member of the National
Innovation Initiative Council on Competitiveness. Mr. O’Donnell has
pursued a career in investments and philanthropy. He received his BS in
mathematics from the University of the South and an MBA from the
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
LEE R. RAYMOND [NAE] is the chairman of the board and chief executive
officer of Exxon Mobil Corporation. Dr. Raymond was chairman of the
board and chief executive officer of Exxon Corporation from 1993 until its
merger with Mobil Oil Corporation in 1999. He served as a director of
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APPENDIX A
Exxon Corporation from 1984 until the merger. Since joining the organiza-
tion in 1963, Dr. Raymond has held a variety of management positions in
domestic and foreign operations, including Exxon Company, USA; Creole
Petroleum Corporation; Exxon Company, International; Exxon Enterprises;
and Esso Inter-America, Inc. He served as the president of Exxon Nuclear
Company, Inc., in 1979 and moved to New York in 1981, when he was
named executive vice president of Exxon Enterprises. In 1983, Dr. Raymond
was named president and director of Esso Inter-America Inc. with responsi-
bilities for Exxon’s operations in the Caribbean and Central and South
America. He served as the senior vice president of Exxon Corporation from
1984 to 1987 and as its president from 1987 to 1993 and in 1996. Dr.
Raymond has been a director of J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. or a predecessor
institution since 1987 and served as a member of the Committee on Director
Nominations and Board Affairs and Chairman of the Committee on Man-
agement Development and Executive Compensation. He serves as a director
of the United Negro College Fund, the chairman of the American Petroleum
Institute, trustee and vice chairman of the American Enterprise Institute, and
trustee of the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. He is a member of the
Business Council, the Business Roundtable, the Council on Foreign Rela-
tions, the National Academy of Engineering, the Emergency Committee for
American Trade, and the National Petroleum Council. He is secretary of the
Energy Advisory Board, the Singapore-US Business Council, the Trilateral
Commission, and the University of Wisconsin Foundation. Dr. Raymond
graduated in 1960 from the University of Wisconsin with a bachelor’s degree
in chemical engineering. In 1963, he received a PhD in chemical engineering
from the University of Minnesota.
ROBERT C. RICHARDSON [NAS] is the F. R. Newman Professor of
Physics and the vice provost for research at Cornell University. He received
a BS and an MS in physics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute. After serving
in the US Army, he obtained his PhD from Duke University in 1966. He is
a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is also member of the
Governing Board at Duke University, the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, and Brookhaven Science Associates. Dr. Rich-
ardson has served as chair of various committees of the American Physical
Society (APS) and recently completed a term on the Governing Board of the
National Science Board. Dr. Richardson was awarded the Nobel Prize for
the discovery that liquid helium-3 undergoes a pairing transition similar to
that of superconductors. He has also received a Guggenheim fellowship, the
Eighth Simon Memorial Prize (of the British Physical Society), the Buckley
Prize of the APS, and an honorary doctor of science degree from the Ohio
State University. He has published more than 95 scientific articles in major
research journals.
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P. ROY VAGELOS [NAS, IOM] is retired chairman and chief executive
officer of Merck & Co., Inc. He received an AB in 1950 from the University
of Pennsylvania and an MD in 1954 from Columbia University. After a
residency at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, he joined the
National Institutes of Health, where from 1956 to 1966 he served as senior
surgeon and then section head of comparative biochemistry. In 1966, he
became chairman of the Department of Biological Chemistry at Washing-
ton University School of Medicine in St. Louis; in 1973, he founded the
university’s Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences. He joined Merck
Research Laboratories in 1975, where he was president until 1985, when
he became CEO and later chairman of the company. He retired in 1994.
Dr. Vagelos is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Ameri-
can Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.
He has received many awards in science and business and 14 honorary
doctorates. He has been chairman of the board of the University of Pennsyl-
vania, a member of the Business Council and the Business Roundtable, and
a member of the boards of TRW, McDonnell Douglas, Estee Lauder, and
Prudential Finance. He also served as cochair of the New Jersey Performing
Arts Center and president and CEO of the American School of Classical
Studies in Athens. He is chairman of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and
Theravance, two biotechnology companies. He is also chairman of the
Board of Visitors at Columbia University Medical Center, where he chairs
the capital campaign. He serves on a number of public-policy and advisory
boards, including the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center and Danforth
Foundation.
CHARLES M. VEST [NAE] is president emeritus at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) and is a life member of the MIT Corpora-
tion, the institute’s board of trustees. He was president of MIT from 1990
to 2004. During his presidency, he emphasized enhancing undergraduate
education, exploring new organizational forms to meet emerging directions
in research and education, building a stronger international dimension in
education and research programs, developing stronger relations with indus-
try, and enhancing racial and cultural diversity at MIT. He also devoted
considerable energy to bringing issues concerning education and research to
broader public attention and to strengthening national policy on science,
engineering, and education. With respect to the latter, Dr. Vest chaired the
President’s Advisory Committee on the Redesign of the Space Station and
served as a member of the President’s Committee of Advisors on Science
and Technology, the Massachusetts Governor’s Council on Economic
Growth and Technology, and the National Research Council Board on
Engineering Education. He chairs the US Department of Energy Task Force
on the Future of Science Programs and is vice chair of the Council on
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APPENDIX A
Competitiveness and immediate past chair of the Association of American
Universities. He sits on the board of directors of IBM and E.I. du Pont de
Nemours and Co. In 2004, he was asked by President Bush to serve as a
member of the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United
States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. He earned his BS in me-
chanical engineering from West Virginia University in 1963 and his MS and
PhD degrees from the University of Michigan in 1964 and 1967, respec-
tively. His research interests are the thermal sciences and the engineering
applications of lasers and coherent optics.
GEORGE M. WHITESIDES [NAS, NAE] is the Woodford L. and Ann A.
Flowers University Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University, where his
research interests include materials science, biophysics, complexity, surface
science, microfluidics, self-assembly, microtechnology and nanotechnology,
and cell-surface biochemistry. He received an AB from Harvard University
in 1960 and a PhD from the California Institute of Technology in 1964. He
was a member of the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
from 1963 to 1982. He joined the Department of Chemistry of Harvard
University in 1982 and was department chairman in 1986-1989. He is a
member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He is also a fellow
of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the New
York Academy of Science, a foreign fellow of the Indian National Science
Academy, and an honorary fellow of the Chemical Research Society of
India. He has served as an adviser to the National Research Council, the
National Science Foundation, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency at the Department of Defense.
RICHARD N. ZARE [NAS] is the Marguerite Blake Wilbur Professor in
Natural Science at Stanford University. He is a graduate of Harvard Univer-
sity, where he received his BA in chemistry and physics in 1961 and his PhD
in chemical physics in 1964. In 1965, he became an assistant professor at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He moved to the University of
Colorado in 1966 and remained there until 1969 while holding joint ap-
pointments in the Departments of Chemistry and Physics and Astrophysics.
In 1969, he was appointed to a full professorship in the Chemistry Depart-
ment at Columbia University, becoming the Higgins Professor of Natural
Science in 1975. In 1977, he moved to Stanford University. Dr. Zare is
renowned for his research in laser chemistry, which resulted in a greater
understanding of chemical reactions at the molecular level. He has received
numerous honors and awards and is a member of the American Philosophi-
cal Society, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, and the American Chemical Society. He served as the
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236 RISING ABOVE THE GATHERING STORM
chair of the President’s Committee on the National Medal of Science in
1997-2000; chaired the National Research Council’s Commission on Physi-
cal Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications in 1992-1995; and was chair
of the National Science Board for the last 2 years of his 1992-1998 service.
He is the chairman of the Board of Directors of Annual Reviews, Inc., and
he will chair the Department of Chemistry at Stanford University in 2005-
2008.
STAFF
DEBORAH D. STINE (Study Director) is associate director of the Commit-
tee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy; director of the National
Academies Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Fellowship
Program; and director of the Office of Special Projects. Dr. Stine has re-
ceived both group and individual achievement awards for her work on
various projects throughout the National Academies since 1989. She has
directed studies and other activities on science and security in an age of
terrorism, human reproductive cloning, presidential and federal advisory
committee science and technology appointments, facilitating interdiscipli-
nary research, setting priorities for the National Science Foundation’s large
research facilities, advanced research instrumentation and facilities, evalu-
ating federal research programs, international benchmarking of US research,
and many other issues. Before coming to the National Academies, she was
a mathematician for the Air Force, an air-pollution engineer for the state of
Texas, and an air-issues manager for the Chemical Manufacturers Associa-
tion. She holds a BS in mechanical and environmental engineering from the
University of California, Irvine, an MBA from what is now Texas A&M at
Corpus Christi, and a PhD in public administration with a focus on science
and technology policy analysis from American University. She received the
Mitchell Prize Young Scholar Award for her research on international envi-
ronmental decision-making.
ALAN ANDERSON has worked as a consultant writer for the National
Academies since 1994, contributing to reports on science policy, education
and training, government-industry partnerships, scientific evidence, and
other topics primarily for the Committee on Science, Engineering, and
Public Policy and the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy.
He is also editorial director of the Millennium Science Initiative, an inde-
pendent nongovernmental organization whose mission is to strengthen sci-
ence and technology in developing countries. He has worked in science and
medical journalism for over 25 years, serving as reporter, writer, and for-
eign correspondent for Time magazine, the New York Times Magazine,
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Saturday Review, and other publications. He holds a BA in English from
Yale University and an MS in journalism from Columbia University.
THOMAS ARRISON is director of the Forum on Information Technology
and Research Universities at the National Academies. He holds MAs in
public policy and Asian studies and a BA in political science from the
University of Michigan. He studied in Japan for 2 years, completing busi-
ness internships in the banking and semiconductor industries and intensive
training in Japanese language. Before being named director of the new
forum in 2002, he was associate director of the Government-University-
Industry Research Roundtable. Mr. Arrison joined the National Academies
in 1990 and has served as the study director for numerous activities and
publications, including nine committee consensus reports.
DAVID ATTIS is director of policy studies at the Council on Competitive-
ness. He serves as the deputy director of the National Innovation Initiative,
a multiyear effort to increase the United States’s capacity for innovation
across all sectors of the economy. Before joining the council, Dr. Attis was
a consultant with A.T. Kearney, Inc., in its general consulting practice and
its Global Business Policy Council. His work included business turnarounds,
strategy consulting, information-systems implementation, global risk as-
sessments, and policy analysis. He holds a PhD in the history of science
from Princeton University, an MPhil in the history and philosophy of sci-
ence from Cambridge University, and a BA in physics from the University
of Chicago. His doctoral thesis explored the development of mathematics
in Ireland from the surveyors of the 17th century through the Celtic Tiger
economy of the 1990s.
RACHEL COURTLAND is a research associate for the National Acad-
emies Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. She earned
her BA in physics from the University of Pennsylvania in May 2003 and her
MS in physics from Emory University in 2004. In graduate school, she
studied the local perturbation of supercooled colloidal suspensions using
two-dimensional confocal microscopy and conducted preparatory work for
a National and Aeronautics Space Administration payload project. As an
undergraduate, she led Women Interested in the Study of Physics, an orga-
nization created to help to foster a more comfortable environment for
women scientists at undergraduate and graduate levels and dedicated to
raising awareness of issues facing women in academe.
LAUREL L. HAAK is a program officer for the National Academies Com-
mittee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. She received a BS and an
MS in biology from Stanford University. She was the recipient of a pre-
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doctoral NIH National Research Service Award and received a PhD in
neuroscience in 1997 from Stanford University Medical School, where her
research focused on calcium signaling and circadian rhythms. She was
awarded a National Research Council research associateship to work at
NIH on intracellular calcium dynamics in oligodendrocytes. From 2002 to
2003, she was editor of Science’s Next Wave Postdoc Network at the
American Association for the Advancement of Science. While a postdoctoral
scholar, she was editor of the Women in Neuroscience newsletter and
served as president of the organization from 2003 to 2004. She is an ex
officio member of the Society for Neuroscience Committee on Women in
Neuroscience, has served on the Biophysics Society Early Careers Commit-
tee, and was an adviser for the National Postdoctoral Association.
PETER HENDERSON is director of the National Academies Board on
Higher Education and Workforce (BHEW). His specializations include
postsecondary education, the labor market for scientists and engineers, and
federal science and technology research funding. He oversees BHEW’s
Evaluation of the Lucille P. Markey Trust Programs in Biomedical Science
and Assessment of NIH Minority Research Training Programs and super-
vises BHEW staff working on studies that examine the community-college
pathway to engineering careers. He has contributed as a study director or
staff member to Building a Workforce for the Information Economy, Mea-
suring the Science and Engineering Enterprise: Priorities for the Division of
Science Resource Studies, Attracting Science and Mathematics PhDs to
Secondary School Education, Monitoring International Labor Standards,
Trends in Federal Support of Research and Graduate Education, and Ob-
servations on the President’s Federal Science and Technology Budget. Dr.
Henderson holds a master’s degree in public policy (1984) from Harvard
University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government and a PhD in Ameri-
can political history from the Johns Hopkins University (1994). He joined
the National Academies staff in 1996 and was a recipient of the National
Academies Distinguished Service Award in 2003.
JO L. HUSBANDS is a senior project director with Development, Security,
and Cooperation of the Policy and Global Affairs division. In that capacity,
she is working on a project to engage the international scientific community
in addressing the possibility that the results of biotechnology research will
be misused to support terrorism or biologic weapons. She is also developing
new projects related to defense economics and the proliferation of conven-
tional weapons and technologies. From 1991 through 2004, she was direc-
tor of the National Academies Committee on International Security and
Arms Control and its Working Group on Biological Weapons Control. Dr.
Husbands is an adjunct professor in the security studies program at George-
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town University, where she teaches a course on “The International Arms
Trade.” She holds a PhD in political science from the University of Minne-
sota and a master’s degree in international public policy (international
economics) from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced Inter-
national Studies. She is a member of the Advisory Board of Women in
International Security and a fellow of the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry.
BENJAMIN A. NOVAK (Policy Fellow) is pursuing his MS in public policy
and management at Carnegie Mellon University. He received his BA in
political science and his BS in biomedical engineering from the University of
Pittsburgh, where he was a member of the University Honors College. As
an undergraduate student, Mr. Novak had the unusual experience of com-
pleting internships in both technical and policy fields working in a variety
of places, including the US Congress House of Representatives Committee
on Science, the Vascular Research Center of David Vorp, and the Artificial
Liver Laboratory of Jack Patzer.
STEVE OLSON is the author of Mapping Human History: Genes, Race,
and Our Common Origins (Houghton Mifflin), which was one of five
finalists for the 2002 nonfiction National Book Award and received the
Science-in-Society Award from the National Association of Science Writers.
His most recent book, Count Down: Six Kids Vie for Glory at the World’s
Toughest Math Competition (Houghton Mifflin), was named a best science
book of 2004 by Discover magazine. He has written several other books,
including Evolution in Hawaii and On Being a Scientist. He has been a
consultant writer for the National Academy of Sciences and National Re-
search Council, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the National Insti-
tutes of Health, the Institute for Genomic Research, and many other orga-
nizations. He is the author of articles in The Atlantic Monthly, Science, The
Washington Post, Scientific American, Washingtonian, Slate, Teacher, As-
tronomy, Science 82-86, and other magazines. He also is coauthor of an
article published in Nature in September 2004 that presented a fundamen-
tally new perspective on human ancestry. From 1989 through 1992, he
served as special assistant for communications in the White House Office of
Science and Technology Policy. He earned a bachelor’s degree in physics
from Yale University in 1978.
JOHN B. SLANINA (Policy Fellow) is a graduate student at the Georgia
Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) and a Christine Mirzayan Science
and Technology Policy Fellow at the National Academies. He is pursuing
an MS in public policy, and his research encompasses the incorporation of
innovative practices in the manufacturing sector and regional economic
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development. He previously received an MS in mechanical engineering at
Georgia Tech in 2002, where he performed research in sensor design for
bioengineering applications. During the 2000-2001 school year, he studied
engineering at the École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers in Metz,
France. He earned his undergraduate degrees in mechanical engineering
and mathematics from Youngstown State University in 2000.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
science education
