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Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (2007)
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP)

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. "K–12 Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education." Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2007.

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Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future

TABLE K–12-7 High-School Graduates Completing Advanced Mathematics Courses (1990, 1994, and 1998), by Students and School Characteristics in 1998

Year and characteristic

Any trigonometry/ algebra III

Any precalculus/ analysis

Any statistics/ probability

Calculus

Any

AP/IB

1990 .......................................

20.7

13.6

1.0

7.2

NA

1994 .......................................

24.0

17.4

2.1

10.2

NA

1998 .......................................

20.8

23.1

3.7

11.9

6.3

 

Male....................................

19.4

23.1

3.4

12.0

6.8

 

Female................................

22.5

22.9

4.0

11.6

6.0

 

White...................................

23.6

25.1

4.3

13.1

7.0

 

Asian/Pacific Islander ..........

18.0

41.4

3.8

20.1

13.1

 

Black...................................

15.5

14.0

2.1

7.2

3.3

 

Hispanic ..............................

10.9

15.4

1.7

7.1

3.7

 

School urbanicity

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Urban..............................

19.0

28.5

3.6

13.2

7.7

 

 

Suburban ........................

20.9

26.7

4.0

12.1

7.5

 

 

Rural...............................

22.6

13.4

3.4

10.4

3.5

 

School sizea

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Small...............................

22.2

21.9

3.6

10.8

3.4

 

 

Medium...........................

21.9

22.8

3.8

12.9

6.9

 

 

Large ..............................

16.7

25.1

3.4

10.3

7.7

 

School povertyb

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Very low..........................

26.3

35.4

6.5

15.6

8.8

 

 

Low.................................

18.1

23.6

4.3

12.0

6.7

 

 

Medium...........................

22.4

14.9

1.7

9.2

3.9

 

 

High ................................

23.6

9.8

0.8

6.9

4.9

aSmall = fewer than 600 students enrolled, medium = 600-1,800, and large = more than 1,800.

bMeasured by percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunches: very low = 5 percent or less, low = 6-25 percent, medium = 26-50 percent, and high = 51-100 percent.

NOTE: AP = Advanced Placement, IB = International Baccalaureate, NA = not available. AP and IB courses were coded separately in 1998 and 2000 but not in prior years. AP/IB calculus courses are counted both in their specific column and in the “any calculus” column. Before 1998, AP and IB courses were coded with the general set of courses.

SOURCE: National Science Board. Science and Engineering Indicators 2004. NSB 04-01. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2004. Appendix Table 1-10. This table was based on US Department of Education, Center for National Education Statistics, High School Transcript Studies, various years.

the influence that the federal government can exert on state educational systems, school districts, and individual schools. Nevertheless, the federal government can enable change by leveraging its investments in K–12 education, by providing information and other resources to organizations, and by helping to coordinate the many groups and individuals with a stake in science, mathematics, and technology education. Three policy arenas seem particularly promising: teacher preparation, educational standards, and institutional change.

Page
315
Front Matter (R1-R26)
Executive Summary (1-22)
1 A Disturbing Mosaic (23-40)
2 Why Are Science and Technology Critical to America's Prosperity in the 21st Century? (41-67)
3 How Is America Doing Now in Science and Technology? (68-106)
4 Method (107-111)
5 What Actions Should America Take in K–12 Science and Mathematics Education to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century? (112-135)
6 What Actions Should America Take in Science and Engineering Research to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century? (136-161)
7 What Actions Should America Take in Science and Engineering Higher Education to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century? (162-181)
8 What Actions Should America Take in Economic and Technology Policy to Remain Prosperous in the 21st Century? (182-203)
9 What Might Life in the United States Be Like if It Is Not Competitive in Science and Technology? (204-224)
Appendix A Committee and Professional Staff Biographic Information (225-240)
Appendix B Statement of Task and Congressional Correspondence (241-248)
Appendix C Focus-Group Sessions (249-300)
Appendix D Issue Briefs (301-302)
K–12 Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education (303-324)
Attracting the Most Able US Students to Science and Engineering (325-341)
Undergraduate, Graduate, and Postgraduate Education in Science, Engineering, and Mathematics (342-356)
Implications of Changes in the Financing of Public Higher Education (357-376)
International Students and Researchers in the United States (377-396)
Achieving Balance and Adequacy in Federal Science and Technology Funding (397-414)
The Productivity of Scientific and Technological Research (415-422)
Investing in High-Risk and Breakthrough Research (423-431)
Ensuring That the United States Is at the Forefront in Critical Fields of Science and Technology (432-443)
Understanding Trends in Science and Technology Critical to US Prosperity (444-454)
Ensuring That the United States Has the Best Environment for Innovation (455-472)
Scientific Communication and Security (473-482)
Science and Technology Issues in National and Homeland Security (483-500)
Appendix E Estimated Recommendation Cost Tables (501-512)
Appendix F K–12 Education Recommendations Supplementary Information (513-516)
Appendix G Bibliography (517-536)
Index (537-564)