negative effects of innovation in, 59
return on R&D investment, 47, 48
technological innovations, 42, 44, 59
AIDS, 43
Air quality, 58
Alexander, Lamar, 2
Alternative Trade Adjustment for Older Workers Program, 469
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 128 n.39, 322
American Jobs Act of Wisconsin, 27
American Indians/Alaskan Natives, 328, 341, 344, 345, 351
American Intellectual Property Law Association, 188
Anthrax mailings, 66, 481, 483
Apple Corporation, 184
Applied research
corporate funding, 32
defined, 68
federal funding, 141, 397, 403, 408
practical applications in industry, 51
pure, 69
security-related, 141, 150, 485, 486, 487, 490
US leadership, 68
Argonne National Laboratory, 92
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 394-395
Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, 315, 316, 344, 345
AT&T, 35
Atomic Energy Act, 475 n.1
Australia
higher education, 100
immigration policy, 178, 179, 384-385, 393, 394
tax credits for R&D, 195
Austria, AP test scores, 132
Automotive engineering, 44, 57-58, 60, 64, 71, 159, 196, 440
B
Bangalore, 23
Bardhan, Ashok, 211
Barrett, Craig, 17
Basic research
in China, 38
defined, 68
DOD, 7, 89, 90, 92, 137, 140, 141, 143, 150, 151, 402, 426, 431, 484, 486, 487
energy-related, 153
export controls, 35
federal funding, 7, 66-67, 89, 90, 92, 93, 136-143, 146-147, 150, 151-152, 397, 398, 402, 403, 408, 416, 417, 423, 433
high-risk, high-payoff, 8, 149-152, 398, 408, 416, 417, 423, 433, 436, 509
practical applications in industry, 51, 52, 140
pure, 69
qualitative measures, 419
security-related, 90, 137, 140, 141, 150, 483, 484, 485, 487, 488, 490
unclassified, 173
US leadership, 68
use-inspired, 69
Bell, Alexander Graham, 35
Bell Laboratories, 32, 83, 84, 157, 333
Bingaman, Jeff, 2
Biological sciences, 76, 101, 336, 337, 338, 343, 351
Biomedical research, 33 n.38, 90, 139, 144, 199, 333, 334, 399, 411, 417, 423, 424
Biotechnology industry, 50, 59, 82, 88, 198, 222, 333, 453
Boehlert, Sherwood, 2