Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future

FIGURE 3-1 R&D expenditures as a percentage of GNP, 1991-2002. These expenditures are beginning to rise worldwide.

SOURCE: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Main Science and Engineering Indicators. Paris: OECD, 2005.

TABLE 3-1 Publications and Citations in the United States and European Union per Capita and per University Researcher, 1997-2001

		United States	European Union
Publications		1,265,608	1,347,985
	Publications/population	4.64	3.60
	Publications/researcher	6.80	4.30
	Researchers/population	0.68	0.84
Citations		10,850,549	8,628,152
	Citations/population	39.75	23.03
	Citations/researcher	58.33	27.52
Top 1% publications		23,723	14,099
	Top 1% publications/population	0.09	0.04
	Top 1% publications/researcher	0.13	0.04
NOTES: Number of publications, citations, and top 1% publications refer to 1997-2001. Population (measured in thousands) and number of university researchers (measured in full-time equivalents) refer to 1999. Each cited paper is allocated once to every author. European Union totals are adjusted to account for duplications by removing papers with multiple EU national authorship to give an accurate net total. SOURCE: G. Dosi, P. Llerena, and M. S. Labini. “Evaluating and Comparing the Innovation Performance of the United States and the European Union.” Expert report prepared for the Trend Chart Policy Workshop. June 29, 2005. Available at: http://trendchart.cordis.lu/scoreboards/scoreboard2005/pdf/EIS%202005%20EU%20versus%20US.pdf.