A RISK REDUCTION STRATEGY FOR HUMAN EXPLORATION OF SPACE
A Review of NASA’s Bioastronautics Roadmap
David E. Longnecker and Ricardo A. Molins, Editors
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Award No. NASW-02031 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, or conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE ON REVIEW OF NASA’S BIOASTRONAUTICS ROADMAP
DAVID E. LONGNECKER (Chair),
Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC
JAMES P. BAGIAN,
Veterans Health Administration, Ann Arbor, MI
ELIZABETH R. CANTWELL,
Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM
VALERIE GAWRON,
General Dynamics, Buffalo, NY
CHRISTOPHER A. HART,
Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC
CHARLES E. LAND,
National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
DANIEL R. MASYS,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
BRUCE M. MCCANDLESS II,
Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, Littleton, CO
TOM S. NEUMAN,
University of California, San Diego
THOMAS F. OLTMANNS,
Washington University, St. Louis, MO
LAWRENCE A. PALINKAS,
University of California, San Diego
JAMES PAWELCZYK,
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
BRUCE S. RABIN,
University of Pittsburgh, PA
KARLENE ROBERTS,
University of California, Berkeley
CAROL E. H. SCOTT-CONNER,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City
RHEA SEDDON,
Vanderbilt Medical Group, Nashville, TN
JAY R. SHAPIRO,
Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
THOMAS TEN HAVE,
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
IOM Staff
RICARDO A. MOLINS, Study Director (from April 2005)
LISA M. VANDEMARK, Senior Program Officer (through May 2005)
MELVIN H. WORTH, Scholar-in-Residence
BENJAMIN HAMLIN, Research Associate (through April 2004)
ERIN MCCARVILLE, Senior Project Assistant (through June 2005)
VILIJA TEEL, Senior Project Assistant (from July 2005)
COMMITTEE ON AEROSPACE MEDICINE AND THE MEDICINE OF EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
DAVID E. LONGNECKER (Chair),
Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC
ALFRED F. CONNORS, JR.,
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
DANIEL R. MASYS,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
VAN C. MOW,
Columbia University, New York, NY
TOM S. NEUMAN,
University of California, San Diego
THOMAS F. OLTMANNS,
Washington University, St. Louis, MO
RUSSELL B. RAYMAN,
Aerospace Medicine Association, Alexandria, VA
CAROL E. H. SCOTT-CONNER,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City
RHEA SEDDON,
Vanderbilt Medical Group, Nashville, TN
IOM Staff
CATHARYN LIVERMAN, Study Director
MELVIN H. WORTH, Scholar-in-Residence
NORA HENNESSY, Research Associate
JUDY ESTEP, Senior Project Assistant
VILIJA TEEL, Senior Project Assistant
BOARD ON HEALTH SCIENCES POLICY
PHILIP PIZZO (Chair),
Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
LESLIE BENET,
University of California, San Francisco
DAVID BLUMENTHAL,
Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
GAIL H. CASSELL,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
ELLEN WRIGHT CLAYTON,
Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN
DAVID COX,
Perlegen Sciences, Mountain View, CA
NANCY DUBLER,
Montefiore Medical Center and The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
ROBERT GIBBONS,
University of Illinois at Chicago
LYNN R. GOLDMAN,
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
BERNARD GOLDSTEIN,
University of Pittsburgh, PA
MARTHA N. HILL,
Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD
DANIEL R. MASYS,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
JONATHAN MORENO,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
E. ALBERT REECE,
University of Arkansas, Little Rock
MYRL WEINBERG,
National Health Council, Washington, DC
MICHAEL J. WELCH,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
MARY WOOLLEY,
Research!America, Alexandria, VA
IOM Staff
ANDREW M. POPE,, Director
DAVID CODREA, Financial Associate
AMY HAAS, Administrative Assistant
IOM Boards do not review or approve individual reports and are not asked to endorse conclusions and recommendations. The responsibility for the content of the report rests with the authoring committee and the institution.
SPACE STUDIES BOARD
LENNARD A. FISK (Chair),
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
GEORGE A. PAULIKAS (Vice Chair),
The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA (ret.)
SPIROS K. ANTIOCHOS,†
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC
DANIEL N. BAKER,
University of Colorado, Boulder
ANA P. BARROS,*
Duke University, Durham, NC
RETA F. BEEBE,
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces
ROGER D. BLANDFORD,
Stanford University, CA
RADFORD BYERLY, JR.,
University of Colorado, Boulder
JUDITH A. CURRY,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
JACK D. FARMER,
Arizona State University, Tempe
JACQUELINE N. HEWITT,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
DONALD INGBER,
Harvard Medical Center, Boston, MA
RALPH H. JACOBSON,
The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Park City, UT (ret.)
TAMARA E. JERNIGAN,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA
KLAUS KEIL,†
University of Hawaii, Honolulu
MARGARET G. KIVELSON,*
University of California, Los Angeles
DEBRA S. KNOPMAN,†
RAND, Arlington, VA
CALVIN W. LOWE,
Bowie State University, MD
HARRY Y. MCSWEEN, JR.,*
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
BERRIEN MOORE III,
University of New Hampshire, Durham
NORMAN NEUREITER,
American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC
SUZANNE OPARIL,
University of Alabama, Birmingham
RONALD F. PROBSTEIN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
DENNIS W. READEY,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden
ANNA-LOUISE REYSENBACH,*
Portland State University, OR
ROALD S. SAGDEEV,*
University of Maryland, College Park
CAROLUS J. SCHRIJVER,*
Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, Palo Alto, CA
HARVEY D. TANANBAUM,
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA
RICHARD H. TRULY,†
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO (ret.)
J. CRAIG WHEELER,
University of Texas, Austin
A. THOMAS YOUNG,
Lockheed Martin Corporation, Onancock, VA (ret.)
GARY P. ZANK,†
University of California at Riverside
NRC Staff
JOSEPH K. ALEXANDER, Director
SANDRA GRAHAM, Senior Program Officer
AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD
WILLIAM W. HOOVER (Chair),
United States Air Force (ret.), Williamsburg, VA
EDWARD M. BOLEN,
National Business Aviation Association, Washington, DC
ANTHONY J. BRODERICK,
Aviation Safety Consultant, Catlett, VA
JOHN-PAUL BARRINGTON CLARKE,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
RAYMOND S. COLLADAY,
Lockheed Martin Astronautics (ret.), Golden, CO
ROBERT L. CRIPPEN,
Thiokol Propulsion (ret.), Palm Beach Gardens, FL
DONALD L. CROMER,
United States Air Force (ret.), Fallbrook, CA
PRESTON HENNE,
Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, Savannah, GA
S. MICHAEL HUDSON,
Rolls-Royce North America (ret.), Indianapolis, IN
JOHN L. JUNKINS,
Texas A&M University, College Station
JOHN M. KLINEBERG,
Space Systems/Loral (ret.), Redwood City, CA
ILAN M. KROO,
Stanford University, CA
MOLLY K. MACAULEY,
Resources for the Future, Washington, DC
GEORGE K. MUELLNER,
The Boeing Company, Long Beach, CA
ELON MUSK,
Space Exploration Development Corporation–SpaceX, El Segundo, CA
MALCOLM R. O’NEILL,
Lockheed Martin Corporation, Bethesda, MD
AMY PRITCHETT,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
DEBRA L. RUB,
The Boeing Company, Anaheim, CA
CYNTHIA SAMUELSON,
Logistics Management Institute, McLean, VA
PETER STAUDHAMMER,
University of Southern California, La Qunita
HANSEL E. TOOKES II,
Raytheon International, Inc. (ret.), Palm Beach Gardens, FL
RAY VALEIKA,
Delta Airlines (ret.), Powder Springs, GA
ROBERT S. WALKER,
Wexler & Walker Public Policy Associates, Washington, DC
Independent Report Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
David W. Gaylor, Gaylor & Associates
Al Harrison, University of California, Davis
John Kindinger, Los Alamos National Laboratory
David M. Klaus, University of Colorado
Russell Rayman, Aerospace Medicine Association
Richard L. Summers, University of Mississippi Medical Center
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by John R. Ball, American
Society for Clinical Pathology, and Mary Jane Osborn, University of Connecticut Health Center. Appointed by the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes
TABLES
1-1 |
Bioastronautics Roadmap Risk Rating Categories and Priority Definitions, |
|||
2-1 |
Countermeasure Readiness Level (CRL) and Technology Readiness Level (TRL), |
FIGURES
2-1 |
Countermeasure and Technology Readiness Levels, |
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3-1 |
Results of the CB/SD/BSMT Consensus Workshop Held May 25-26, 2004, in Houston, Texas, |
BOXES