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When I'm 64 (2006)

Chapter: Index

« Previous: APPENDIX: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Contributors
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. When I'm 64. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11474.
×

Index

A

AARP. See American Association of Retired Persons

Ability to change, without any form of professional assistance, 37

Abortion, 220

Accommodation, 187

Action

attitudes guiding, 46

consequences of, 137

likelihood of taking, 134n

Activity restriction, 26

Adaptation, 24

Addictive behaviors, 42, 153

Adult developmental psychology, recent developments in, 12

Adulthood, 20

Advance directives, 34

Affect, role in self-regulation, 43

Affective disorders, major, 23

Affective forecasting, 62–63

Affective heuristics, 3

Affective neural systems, 60–61

Age, protective factor in etiology of mental health disorders, 29

Age differences in self-regulation, 38–39

Age discrimination, consequences of, 87

Age distribution by population, 10–11

Age identity and self-concept, 86–87

Age-related decline, beliefs about, 80

Age stigma from the perceiver’s perspective, 175–186

attitudes and stereotypes, 175–180

behavior toward older adults, 180–184

emerging themes and directions for future research, 184–186

Age stigma from the perspective of older adults, 186–197

consequences of exposure to ageist stereotypes, 190–191

coping with a negative age identity, 191–196

emerging themes and directions for future research, 196–197

identity and self-concept, 186–188

implications of self-stereotyping, 189

Ageism, 4

consequences of, 197

coping in the face of, 198

multiple dynamics of, 198

Ageist views, of patients in a medical setting, 82

Aging

influences on course of, 24

and prefrontal decline, 151–152

uneasiness about, 9

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. When I'm 64. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11474.
×

Aging and social engagement, 69–72

mental stimulation and cognitive aging, 71–72

neurocognitive function and cognition, 70–71

Aging societies, future of, 13

Agreeableness, 22

Alcoholism, 37, 42, 58

Alzheimer’s disease, 68, 75, 77

America

the “aging of,” 1

well-being of, 250

American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), 163–164

American Psychological Association, 249

Amygdala, 70, 148

Anger, and risk aversion, 152

Anti-Semitism, 235

Antonucci, Toni, 25

Art of Asking Questions, The, 233

Attenuation, of question order effects, 220–221

Attitude change processes, thoughtful or automatic, 47–49

Attitude reports, 220–225

negative, 24

question order effects decreasing with aging, 220–221

response order effects increasing with age, 221–225

strong and positive, 24

Attitudes, 175–180

automatic, 52

guiding people’s decisions and actions, 46

implicit or unconscious, 179–180

toward different older adult subtypes, 176

toward the future, 60

Attitudes toward body image, racial and ethnic differences in, 32

Authoritarian Personality, The, 235

Automatic attitudes, 52

Automatic biases, challenging, 90

Automatic evaluations, 85

B

Bandura, Albert, 23

Beatles, 9

Behavior.

See also Addictive behaviors

genetic explanations for, 21

importance of context in maintaining, 41

key to all aging scenarios, 13

neuroscience studying its relation to the brain, 37

prediction of, 210

Behavior-based research, 3

Behavior change, sustaining, 134–138

Behavior toward older adults, 180–184

interventions, 183–184

patronizing versus accommodating speech, 181–183

Behavioral and Social Research Program, 2, 11, 16, 247

Behavioral forecasting measures, 62

Behavioral frequency reports, 225–227

response alternatives, 226–227

subjective theories, 225–226

Behavioral observations, 83–84

Behavioral practices, 5

Behavioral science, recent developments in, 12

Beliefs, 21

about age-related decline, 80

about aging, 89

about memory loss, 30

acquired, 23

self-efficacy, 44

Binge eating, 42

Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals, 240

Body image, racial and ethnic differences in attitudes toward, 32

BOLD. See Blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals

Boomer generation, 9

Brain imaging methods, 241

C

Cantril, Hadley, 233

Capabilities for deciding, 56–59

individual, 56–58

meta-awareness, 58–59

Caregiving, 12, 26

Cellular senescence, 21

Center for Scientific Review, 249

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. When I'm 64. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11474.
×

Change.

See also Ability to change;

Life change

external sources of, 36

initiating and maintaining, 39–41, 50–51

involving novelty, 41

measurement of over time, 17

need for, 34

older people’s unique motives for, 35

readiness to make, 122–139

Changing implicit and explicit attitudes, 51–52

Choices

intertemporal, 60

made earlier in life, consequences of, 55

“tyranny” of, 54

Cognitive deficits, age-related, 82

Cognitive function

documented declines in, 88

engagement as augmenting, 77

preserving good, 68

Cognitive impairments, 138

Cognitive neuroscience, 39

of aging, 146

Cognitive science, recent developments in, 12

Cognitive tests, 73

Cognitive training, 71

Cognitive value, fostering, 71

Collaboration between theory and practice, enhancing, 138–139

Committee on Aging Frontiers in Social Psychology, Personality, and Adult Developmental Psychology, 2, 13–14, 58

charge and approach, 11–13

Communication, patronizing forms of, 82

Communication strategies that motivate behavior change, 125–134

message framing, 130–134

message tailoring, 127–130

Competence stereotypes, 177–178

forgetfulness, 177–178

mental incompetence, 178

Compliance, with medical regimens, 47

Confidence, 161, 164, 188

Conscientiousness, 23

Consequences

of actions, 137

of age discrimination, 87

of ageism, 197

of choices made earlier in life, 55

considering, 49

of exposure to ageist stereotypes, 190–191

introduction of new, 49

Context effects, age-sensitive, 219, 228

Continuum-based framework, 124

Control, over the environment, 44

Coping, 43

with distress, 23

in the face of ageism, 198

with traumatic events, 28

Coping with a negative age identity, 191–196

primary compensatory strategies, 192–194

secondary compensatory strategies, 194–196

Cortical “disconnection,” 243

Cross-disciplinary research, 37

Cross-racial studies, 78

Cross-sectional studies, 12, 24–25

Cultural and ethnic factors, role of, 78–79

Cultural effects, 1, 5, 15, 21

recommendation regarding, 15

D

Deciding whether to decide, 155–158

Decision avoidance, 156–157

Decision-making processes

emotion, and older adults’ decisions, 58

long-range planning and, 59–61

meta-awareness of one’s own, 59

at older ages, 3

Decisions

attitudes guiding, 46

medical, 155

memories of past, 147

types most often regretted, 65

“Delay discounting,” 154

Deliberative forms of thinking, 48

Deliberative neural systems, 60–61

Deliberative processes, 3, 52

Dementia, 12

defining, 70–71

delaying the onset of, 79

educational level and, 31

physiology of, 242–243

Depressed performance, 88

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. When I'm 64. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11474.
×

Depression

and cognitive and neural function, 74

predicting, 189

Detection behaviors, 131

Developmental diathesis-stress model, 21

Diets, 21, 35, 129

failing at, 42

nutritious, 13

Differences in people’s readiness to change, 122–139

Disambiguation, of stereotypes, 183, 186

Discrimination

age, consequences of, 87

stress from being the target of, 87

Disease onset, engagement as delaying, 77

Disidentification, 194–195

Disinhibition, 42

Dissatisfaction, post-change, 51

Distress

coping, 23

emotional, 52

Diversity, developing a psychology of, 4–5, 15–16

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 149–151

Driving ability, 58

link to independence, 59

Drug cards, increasingly complicated, 55

Drug regimens. See Medical regimens

E

Economy, of an aging workforce, 11

Educational level, and dementia, 31

Elderspeak, 182–183

Eliot, Andrew, 129

Emotion

attention to, 57

in the decision process, 58

effectiveness of regulation of, 146

intraindividual variability in the

experience of, 213

and older adults’ decisions, 147–149

regulation of, 156

Emotional distress, 52

Emotional factors in attitudes and decision making, 49–50

Emotional processes and self-regulation, 42–43.

See also Self-regulation

Emotional responses, to options, 66

Emotional solidarity, between parents and adult children, 25

Emotional well-being, 27–29

End-of-life care, 65–66

Engagement

as augmenting cognitive function or delaying disease onset, 77

most effective types of, 77

Environments

control over, 44

exposure to different types of, 23

mastery of, 28

natural, change in, 37

stable cues in, 41

Escapist strategies, 42

Ethnicity issues, 1, 5, 15, 21

recommendation regarding, 15

Exercising regularly, 13, 21, 35, 73–74, 121

Expectations

acquired, 23

of aging, 81

becoming self-fulfilling prophecies, 181

studying, 51

Experience

increasing complexity of, 214

learning from, 63

openness to, 22

Experience sampling, 212–214

Explicit stereotypes, 81–83

Extraversion, 23

F

Family

receiving care from, 32

relationships of self to, 61

Fascism, 235

Fear, and risk aversion, 152

“Feared” selves, 188

Feature-based strategies, 159–160

Five-factor model of traits, 22

Flexibility.

See also Neural plasticity

fMRI. See Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Forgetfulness, 177–178

Formal treatment, ability to change without any form of, 37

Free to Choose, 54

Friedman, Milton, 54

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 58, 214–215, 240, 242, 245

Funding mechanisms, 6

Future, attitudes toward, 60

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. When I'm 64. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11474.
×

Future feelings, ability to predict, 62

Future research needed, 13–15

emerging themes and directions for, 184–186, 196–197

G

Gage, Phineas, 149, 151

Gain-framed appeals, 130–131, 133

Gambling games, 153–154

studies using, 150

Gender, race, and socioeconomic status, 31–33

Gender differences, 5, 15, 21, 180

recommendation regarding, 15

Genetic explanations, for behavior, 21

Gerontology, 12, 198

Glucocorticoid dysregulation, 74

Grants

R24 infrastructure, 17

for transdisciplinary centers, 17, 248

Great Depression, “birth dearth” during, 9

Growth, personal, 24, 28

H

Handbook of Questionnaire Design, The, 233

Health, subjective perceptions of, 38

Health interventions, costly and degrading, 66

“Healthy mind,” maintaining, 4

Healthy People 2010, 90, 134

Healthy regimens, in everyday life, 13

Heterogeneity, of America’s older population, 15

Heuristics. See Affective heuristics

High-risk situations, 44

Hippocampal structures

loss of neurons in, 74

neurogenesis in, 73

“Hoped-for” selves, 188

5-HTT (serotonin transporter) gene, 21

Human genome project, 21

Hypertension, 151

I

IAT. See Implicit Association Test

Identity, and self-concept, 186–188

Illness, recovery from, 23

Implicit Association Test (IAT), 52, 84, 179, 211

Implicit attitudes and stereotypes, 179–180

activation of, 83–85

gender differences in, 180

Implicit constructs and processes, 83

Impression management, 193

Impulsivity, 154

Incidental encoding, 244–245

Incontinence, 193

Individual adjustments, 24

Individual beliefs and attitudes, 43–44

Individual differences, 23

role of, 78

Individuals, 56–58

Inertia, overcoming, 35

Information about health

more effective presentation of, 36, 126

reduced seeking of, 158–159

Initiation and maintenance of change, 39–41, 50–51, 121–144

Interactional perspective, on personality, 23

Interdisciplinary research, 5–6, 14, 16, 198, 248

Intergenerational interactions, 181

dynamics of, 184

Internalized stereotypes, effects of, 88–89

Intertemporal choice, normative models of, 60

Interventions, 183–184.

See also Health interventions

to change ageist attitudes, 89–90

culturally appropriate, programmatic, 79

strategies for, 138–139

Intraindividual variability, in emotional experience, 213

Intuitive modes of thinking, 48

Isolation, 12

J

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 214

K

K awards, 247–248

flexibility in, 248

Kahn, Robert, 25

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. When I'm 64. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11474.
×

L

Late-life outcomes, 1

Learning from experience, 63

Leisure activities, mentally engaging, 68–69

Life change, successful, 44

Life experiences, accumulating, 24, 33

Life-prolonging medical care, 32

Life-span approach, 12, 14, 19–21, 24, 63

Likert, Rensis, 235

Long-term care institutions, 73

Long-term relationships, loss of, 26–27

Longer life expectancies, impact on societies, 1

Loss-framed appeals, 130–131, 133

M

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 240, 244

Magnetoencephalogram (MEG), 214

Major theory building, 13

Marijuana use, 58

Marital satisfaction, 26

“Matthew effect,” 20

Measurement of implicit constructs, 210–212

introduction, 219

Measurement of psychological mechanisms, 15, 17, 58, 209–216

experience sampling, 212–214

measuring implicit constructs, 210–212

social neuroscience, 214–216

Medical care, life-prolonging, 32

Medical decisions, 155

Medical regimens, compliance with, 47, 59, 121

Medical setting, ageist views of patients in, 82

Medicare, increasingly complicated, 55

Medications, adherence in taking, 35, 37, 40

Memories, of past decisions, 147

Memory bias, 165–166

Memory enhancement effect, and self-reference, 215

Memory loss

beliefs about, 30

meta-awareness of, 59, 244

Mental capabilities, significant declines in, 56

Mental health issues, 20, 29

Mental incompetence, 178

Mental stimulation, and cognitive aging, 71–72

Mental vitality, ability to maintain, 68

Message framing, 130–134

Message tailoring, 40, 48–49, 126–130

defined, 127n

Meta-awareness, 58–59

Methodology, issues of, 17

Mischel, Walter, 60

Models, of behavior change, 128

Mortality, 121

predictors of, 38

Motivation, and health, 44

Motivation and behavioral change, 2–3, 34–53

developing methods for, 139

persuasion and attitude change, 45–52

recommendation regarding, 14

Motivation and self-regulation, 36–45

age differences in self-regulation, 38–39

the avoidance of novelty, 41–42

emotional processes and self-regulation, 42–43

individual beliefs and attitudes, 43–44

initiating or maintaining change, 39–41

social facilitation and barriers to change, 44–45

MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging

Multilevel factors, 5, 14, 16

Multiparty decision making, 61–66

affective forecasting, 62–63

regrets, 64–65

risk aversion, 63–64

Multiple categories of identity, 85–86

N

National Health Interview Survey, 29

National Institute of Mental Health, StartMH Program, 249

National Institute on Aging (NIA), 2, 5, 13–17, 247–248

Behavioral and Social Research Program, 2, 11, 16, 247

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 17, 248–249

Center for Scientific Review, 249

Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, 248

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. When I'm 64. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11474.
×

National Institute on Drug Abuse, 248

National Research Council, 2

National Science Foundation, 249

Natural environments, change in, 37

Negative affect, 152

Negative emotional experiences, 128, 147, 160

Negative pictures, memory for, 148

Negative stereotypes, 176

Neural plasticity, role in social tasks, 216

Neural substrates of decision making, 149–151

Neural systems, types of, 60

Neurocognitive function and cognition, 70–71

Neurogenesis, 73

Neuroimaging, 152, 243

Neuron loss, 151

Neuroscience

cognitive, 39

methods of, 58

recent gains in, 37, 39

Neuroticism, 23

New consequences, introduction of, 49

NIA. See National Institute on Aging

NIH. See National Institutes of Health

Nondifferentiation, 236

Novelty, the avoidance of, 41–42

O

Obesity, effectiveness of programs to reduce, 32

Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, 248

Older adult subtypes, attitudes toward different, 176

Older adults

affective heuristics for, 3

behavior toward, 180–184

coping with traumatic events, 28

defined, 11n, 185–187, 189

differential treatment of, 4

emotional self-control in, 28

growing diversity of, 15

growth in, 20

identifying problems of, 12

impulse control in, 38–39

and the Internet, 76

predicting lower satisfaction in the future, 27

reported distance between actual and ideal selves, 24

self-satisfaction among, 43

societies top-heavy with, 9

solving interpersonal problems, 29

spending more time alone, 25

Older adults’ decisions, prefrontal cortex and, 149–164

Optimism-pessimism, dimension of, 23

Optimizing questionnaire design, 233–237

nondifferentiation, 236

number of scale points, 234

order effects, 237

scale point labeling, 234–236

Orbitofrontal cortex, 149–150

Order effects, 237

Overconfidence, 161

P

Paradox of Choice, The, 54

Park, Denise C., 254

Passivity, 40

Patronizing forms of communication, 82

versus accommodating speech, 181–183

Payne, Stanley, 233

Performance deficits, age-related, 88

Personal growth, 24, 28

Personality, and self-concept, 22–24

Personality studies, 213

interactional or transactional perspective on, 23

recent developments in, 12

stability and, 22

Perspectives, changing, 24

Persuasion and attitude change, 45–52

attitude change processes, thoughtful or automatic, 47–49

changing implicit and explicit attitudes, 51–52

emotional factors in attitudes and decision making, 49–50

initiation and maintenance of change, 50–51

knowledge about, 53

PET. See Positron emission tomography

Philadelphia Geriatric Center Positive and Negative Affect Scales, 231

Physical activity. See Exercising regularly

Plasticity. See Neural plasticity

Positive affect, 149

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. When I'm 64. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11474.
×

Positive emotional experiences, 128

Positive social identity, maintaining, 194

Positive stereotypes, 82, 184–185

Positivity effect, 30–31

Positron emission tomography (PET), 214, 240, 245

Prediction, 210

of depression, 189

of future feelings, 62

of mortality, 38

of self-esteem, 189

Prefrontal cortex and older adults’ decisions, 149–165

aging and prefrontal decline, 151–152

deciding whether to decide, 155–158

neural substrates of decision making, 149–151

repeated decisions, 161–162

risky decisions, 152–155

seeking information, 158–161

susceptibility to scams, 162–164

Prejudice

negotiating, 197

reducing, 183

Prevention behaviors, 131

Primacy effects, 222–223

Primary compensatory strategies, 192–194

self-presentation theory, 192–193

socioemotional selectivity theory, 193–194

Priming measure, 52, 84, 211

Problem-solving, 156–157

social, 57

Procrastination, 34–35

Professional assistance, ability to change without any form of, 37

Prospect theory, framing postulate of, 130

Psychological applications of neuroimaging, 241

Psychological disengagement, 194

Psychological processes, 5

Psychological transformation of events, 63

Psychology

of diversity, developing, 4–5, 15–16

role in understanding motivation for change, 35

Psychology and Aging, 231, 234

Psychopathologies, 23

age not increasing risk of, 29

Psychotherapy, efficacy of, 41

Purpose in life, 28

Q

Question order effects, decreasing with aging, 220–221

Question wording, format, and order, 228

R

R24 infrastructure grants, 17

Race effects, 1, 5, 15, 21

on health, 31

recommendation regarding, 15

“Rational” processes, 66

Readiness to make change, 122

Reasoned action, theory of, 123

Recency effects, 223

Recommendations, 2, 5–6, 14, 16

Recovery from illness, 23

Regret, 64–66

anticipated, 64

Relationships.

See also Social networks

positive, 28

of self to the family, 61

Repeated decisions, 161–162

Report structure, 18

Research infrastructure, 5–6, 247–250

developing, 6

supporting, 16–17

Research topics, 3–4

motivation and behavioral change, 3

opportunities lost: stereotypes of self and by others, 4

social engagement and cognition, 4

socioemotional influences on decision making, 3–4

Resilience, 24

Response alternatives, 226–227

Response order effects, increasing with age, 221–225

Retirement “decisions,” 21

Retirement Research Foundation, 249

Retirement savings, 55–56

Review process, innovative use of, 6

Reward anticipation, 215

Risk aversion, 63–64, 66, 152

Risk tolerance, 152

Risky decisions, 152–155.

See also Highrisk situations

Russell Sage Foundation, 249

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. When I'm 64. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11474.
×

S

Satisfaction, 136–137.

See also Dissatisfaction;

Self-satisfaction

marital, 26

studying, 51

Scale points

labeling, 234–236

number of, 234

Scams, susceptibility to, 162–164

Schwartz, Barry, 54

Screening behaviors, 132

Secondary compensatory strategies, 194–196

disidentification, 194–195

psychological disengagement, 194

social comparison, 195–196

Seeking information, 158–161

reduced, 158–159

Selection, 20

Self, views of, 24

Self-acceptance, 28

Self-concept, 198

changing with age, 24

Self-confidence, 145–146

Self-control, maintaining, 66–67

Self-efficacy, 128

beliefs about, 44

Self-esteem

not changing with age, 24

predicting, 189

Self-fulfilling prophecies, expectations becoming, 181

Self-knowledge, 20

Self-persuasion, 128

Self-presentation theory, 192–193

Self-questioning, 47

Self-regulation, 35

and aging, 39, 50

role of affect in, 43

skills in, 20, 214

strategies for, 137

Self-Regulatory Model of Illness Behavior, 135

Self-report scales, 62

Self-reports, 84, 209

of constructs or processes, 83

Self-satisfaction, among older adults, 43

Self-stereotypes, 198

implications of, 189

Senescence, cellular, 21

Senior citizen community settings, 73

Shifting standards framework, 86

Smoking, 13, 42, 127

Social class effects, 15

Social cognition, 29–31, 214

Social cognitive approach, 85

Social cognitive theory, 135

Social comparison, 195–196

Social concepts, 21

“Social convoys,” 25

Social downgrading, 195

Social engagement, 72–76

technology training as engagement, 75–76

underlying mechanisms, 73–75

Social facilitation, and barriers to change, 44–45

Social identity, maintaining a positive, 194

Social networks, 1

composition of, 25

over time, 25

size of, 27

strong and lasting, 13

Social neurosciences, 214–216

recent developments in, 12

transforming our understanding of behavior, 14

Social pressure, 162

Social problem solving, 57

Social psychology, 32, 81, 83, 86–87, 89

recent developments in, 12

Social relations, 20, 25–27

Social Security system, 56

proposed changes in, 55

Social support, 44–45

Social tasks, role of neural plasticity in, 216

Sociocultural perspective, 83

Socioeconomic status, 21, 31

recommendation regarding, 15

Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST), 42, 128, 148, 193–194

Spearman-Brown prophecy formula, 232

SST. See Socioemotional selectivity theory

Stable environmental cues, 41

Stable personality traits, 23

Stage-based framework, 124

StartMH Program, 249

Status quo, acceptance of, 34

“Stereotype threat” theory, 88, 190

Stereotypes, 175–180.

See also Self-stereotypes

activation of, 83

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. When I'm 64. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11474.
×

age identity and self-concept, 86–87

competence, 177–178

disambiguation of, 183, 186

effects of internalized, 88–89

explicit, 81–83

impact on self and others, 2, 4, 16, 30, 80–91

implicit or unconscious, 179–180

interventions to change ageist attitudes, 89–90

multiple categories of identity, 85–86

negative, 81–83

positive, 82, 184–185

recommendation regarding, 14

Stigma-related stress, 191

Stimulation, most effective types and combinations of, 79

Strains of later life, 26

Stress

from being the target of discrimination, 87

and cognitive and neural function, 74

stigma-related, 191

Stressful life events, 21, 23

Subjective perceptions of health, 38

Subjective theories, 225–226

Subjective well-being, 23

Sustaining behavior change, 134–138

T

Tailoring. See Message tailoring

Taxonomies of traits, 22

Technology

training in as engagement, 75–76

using to tailor messages, 128

Telomere shortening, 21

Temperamental inheritance, 23

Thematic apperception tests, 83

Thinking continuum, 47–48

Thoughts about thoughts, 47

Trade-offs, 160

Training designs, 72

Transactional perspective, on personality, 23

Transdisciplinary centers, grants for, 17, 248

Transformation of events psychologically, 63

Traumatic events, coping with, 28

Treatment, ability to change without any formal, 37

“Tyranny of choice,” 54

U

Unconscious attitudes and stereotypes, 179–180

gender differences in, 180

Underconfidence, 161

Underlying mechanisms of behavior, 73–75

investigating, 3

Understanding. See Meta-awareness

University of California-San Diego, 249

“Use it or lose it” argument, 74

V

Vacations, retrieving memories about, 61

Validity checking, 47

W

Well-being

conceptualizing, 28

emotional, 27–29

of the nation, 250

subjective, 23

Widowhood, 26–27

Wisdom, 24

Workshops, extended, 6

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. When I'm 64. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11474.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2006. When I'm 64. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11474.
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By 2030 there will be about 70 million people in the United States who are older than 64. Approximately 26 percent of these will be racial and ethnic minorities. Overall, the older population will be more diverse and better educated than their earlier cohorts. The range of late-life outcomes is very dramatic with old age being a significantly different experience for financially secure and well-educated people than for poor and uneducated people. The early mission of behavioral science research focused on identifying problems of older adults, such as isolation, caregiving, and dementia. Today, the field of gerontology is more interdisciplinary.

When I'm 64 examines how individual and social behavior play a role in understanding diverse outcomes in old age. It also explores the implications of an aging workforce on the economy. The book recommends that the National Institute on Aging focus its research support in social, personality, and life-span psychology in four areas: motivation and behavioral change; socioemotional influences on decision-making; the influence of social engagement on cognition; and the effects of stereotypes on self and others. When I'm 64 is a useful resource for policymakers, researchers and medical professionals.

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