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Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? (2006)

Chapter: Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

D
Chapter 2 Appendix

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

TABLE D-1 Estimated Energy Requirements for Proposed Food Intake Patterns of U.S. Children and Adolescents, Ages 2–18 Years

Age

Boys

 

Girls

Sedentary

Low Active

Active

Sedentary

Low Active

Active

EER

Target Pattern

EER

Suggested Patterns

EER

Suggested Patterns

Age

EER

Target Pattern

EER

Suggested Patterns

EER

Suggested Patterns

2

1,050

1,000

1,050

1,000–1,400

1,050

1,000–1,400

2

997

1,000

997

1,100–1,200

997

1,000–1,400

3

1,162

 

1,324

 

1,485

 

3

1,080

 

1,243

 

1,395

 

4

1,215

1,400

1,390

1,400–1,600

1,566

1,600–2,000

4

1,133

1,200

1,310

1,400–1,600

1,475

1,400–1,800

5

1,275

 

1,466

 

1,658

 

5

1,189

 

1,379

 

1,557

 

6

1,328

1,535

1,742

6

1,247

1,451

1,642

7

1,394

1,617

1,840

7

1,298

1,515

1,719

8

1,453

1,692

1,931

8

1,360

1,593

1,810

9

1,530

1,800

1,787

1,800–2,200

2,043

2,000–2,600

9

1,415

1,600

1,660

1,600–2,000

1,890

1,800–2,000

10

1,601

 

1,875

 

2,149

 

10

1,470

 

1,729

 

1,972

 

11

1,691

1,985

2,279

11

1,538

1,813

2,071

12

1,798

2,200

2,113

2,400–2,800

2,428

2,800–3,200

12

1,617

1,800

1,909

2,000

2,183

2,400

13

1,935

 

2,276

 

2,618

 

13

1,684

 

1,992

 

2,281

 

14

2,090

2,459

2,829

14

1,718

2,036

2,334

15

2,223

2,618

3,013

15

1,731

2,057

2,362

16

2,320

2,736

3,152

16

1,729

2,059

2,368

17

2,366

2,796

3,226

17

1,710

2,042

2,353

18

2,383

2,823

3,263

18

1,690

2,024

2,336

NOTE: This table shows target and suggested energy intake levels for each age and gender group for proposed Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) intake patterns. These target and suggested levels are based on Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) calculated by gender, age, and activity level for reference-sized individuals (IOM, 2002). Sedentary is defined as a lifestyle that includes only the physical activity of independent living. Low active is defined as a lifestyle that includes a physical activity equivalent to walking about 1.5 to 3 miles per day at 3 to 4 miles per hour, in addition to the activities of independent living. Active is defined as a lifestyle that includes a physical activity equivalent to walking more than 3 miles daily at 3 to 4 miles per hour, in addition to the activities of independent living. Target patterns are the energy levels assigned to each age and gender group that are used to determine the nutrient adequacy of the food guidance system daily food intake patterns for each group. One target pattern is set for each age and gender group, and is appropriate for most sedentary individuals in the group, based on the calculated EER. For children ages 9 to 13, energy levels for the target patterns were selected at the higher end of the age range to allow for growth spurts during this period. Suggested patterns are the food guidance system daily food intake patterns that are generally appropriate for low active or active individuals for each age and gender group, based on their EER. These suggested patterns are not used to determine nutritional adequacy of the pattern but to suggest appropriate food selections for those requiring more calories than the target patterns provide.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

 

SOURCES: IOM (2002–2005); USDA (2003).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

TABLE D-2 Dietary Reference Intake Recommendations of Macronutrients for Children and Adolescents, Ages 1–18 Years

Age

Carbohydrate

Protein

Fat

Saturated Fat

Trans Fat

Cholesterol

Added Sugars

Fibera

Total Daily Water AIb

1–3

 

As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet

As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet

As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet

Limit to no more than 25% of total calorie intake

 

1.3 L/d

(% Energy AMDR)

45–65

5–20

30–40

 

(~44 oz)

(g/d)

130

13

 

19

 

4–8

 

 

1.7 L/d

(% Energy AMDR)

45–65

10–30

25–35

 

(~60 oz)

(g/d)

130

19

 

25

 

9–13

 

 

Boys

 

2.4 L/d

(% Energy AMDR)

45–65

10–30

25–35

 

(~84 oz)

(g/d)

130

34

 

31

 

Girls

 

2.1 L/d

(% Energy AMDR)

45–65

10–30

25–35

 

(~72 oz)

(g/d)

130

34

 

26

 

14–18

 

Boys

 

3.3 L/d

(% Energy AMDR)

45–65

10–30

25–35

 

(~112 oz)

(g/d)

130

52

 

38

 

Girls

 

2.3 L/d

(% Energy AMDR)

45–65

10–30

25–35

 

(~92 oz)

(g/d)

130

46

 

26

 

NOTE: AMDR = Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range. AI = Adequate Intake.

aExtrapolated from the adult value. This level represents the best estimate based on limited or uncertain available evidence when it was determined.

bThe AI for “total daily water” includes fluids from all foods and beverages consumed, including drinking water. Conversion factors: 3 L = 33.8 fluid oz; 1 L = 1.06 qt; 1 cup = 8 fluid oz.

SOURCES: IOM (2002–2005, 2005).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

TABLE D-3 Dietary Reference Intake Recommendations of Micronutrients for U.S. Children and Adolescents, Ages 1–18 Years

Age

Vitamin A (µg/d)

Vitamin C (mg/d)

Vitamin E (mg/d)

Vitamin B6a (mg/d)

Folate (µg/d)

Caa,b (mg/d)

Iron (mg/d)

Naa (mg/d)

Ka (mg/d)

Mg (mg/d)

1–3

300

15

6

0.5

150

500

7

1,000

3,000

80

4–8

400

25

7

0.6

200

800

10

1,200

3,800

130

9–13

 

Boys

600

45

11

1.0

300

1,300

8

1,500

4,500

240

Girls

600

45

11

1.0

300

1,300

8

1,500

4,500

240

14–18

 

Boys

900

75

15

1.3

400

1,300

11

1,500

4,700

410

Girls

700

65

15

1.2

400

1,300

15

1,500

4,700

360

NOTE: Both the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Adequate Intakes (AIs) may be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are established to meet the needs of nearly all individuals (97–98 percent) in a group. The AI for life stages and gender groups other than breastfed infants is believed to cover the needs of all individuals in a group. However, lack of data or uncertainty in the data preclude being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.

aIndicates an AI since an RDA value could not be determined.

bExtrapolated from the adult value. This level represents the best estimate based on limited or uncertain available evidence when it was determined.

SOURCES: IOM (1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2005).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

TABLE D-4 Survey of National Dietary Data for U.S. Individuals, 1971–2000

Survey

Dates

Population

Sample Size

Dietary Intake Methodology

NHANES I

1971–1974

Ages 1–74 years; oversampling of women of childbearing age, ages 5 and younger, adults ages 60–74, and persons with income below poverty

20,749a

Single 24-hour dietary recall, no weekend intakes

NHANES II

1976–1980

Ages 6 months–74 years; oversampling of children ages 5 years and younger, adults ages 60–74 years, and persons with income below poverty

20,322a

Single 24-hour dietary recall, no weekend intakes

NFCS

1977–1978

All ages; oversampling of low incomeb and elderly; 48 states

30,467c

Three consecutive days (single 24-hour dietary recall and 2-day food record)

NHANES III

1988–1994

Ages 2 months and older; oversampling of Mexican Americans, African Americans, ages 2 months–5 years, and ages 60 years and older

31,311a

Single 24-hour dietary recall and 3-month food frequency questionnaire; second 24-hour recall on a subsample (~5%)

CSFII

1989–

All ages; oversampling of 1991 low incomeb; 48 states

15,192c

Two nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls

CSFII

1994–1996, 1998d

All ages; oversampling of low income; ages 0–9 years; 50 states

15,968c; 5,559c

Two nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls

NHANES

1999–2000e

All ages; oversampling of Mexican Americans, African Americans, ages 12–19 years, ages 60 years and older, pregnant women, and low incomeb

8,604c

Single 24-hour dietary recall, and second recall on a subsample (~10%)

NOTE: NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. NFCS = National Food Consumption Survey. CSFII = Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. IU = International Units.

aExamined persons.

bLow income is defined as household income at or below 130 percent of the poverty line, the income cut-off level for eligibility for the Food Stamp Program.

cPersons with 1-day intakes.

dSupplemental sample of children ages 0–9 years added to the CSFII 1994–1996.

eNHANES started a continuous data collection beginning in 1999. The most recent data were available for 1999–2000. CSFII is now incorporated into NHANES.

SOURCE: Adapted from Briefel and Johnson (2004). Reprinted with permission.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

TABLE D-5 Mean Intakes and Changesa or Trendsb in Intakes of Selected Nutrients of Girls and Boys, Ages 6–11 Years and 12–19 Years, as Reported in CSFII 1994–1996, 1998 and Compared to NFCS 1977–1978 and CSFII 1989–1991

Nutrient

Girls 6–11 yrs

Girls 12–19 yrs

Boys 6–11 yrs

Boys 12–19 yrs

Energy (kcal)

1,825

1,910

2,050

2,766 ↑

Protein (% kcal)

13.9 ↓

14.0 ↓

14.0 ↓*

14.4 ↓

Fat (% kcal)

32.6 ↓*

32.2 ↓*

32.6 ↓**

33.1 ↓**

Saturated fat (% kcal)c

12

11

12

12

Carbohydrate (% kcal)

54.9 ↑**

55.0 ↑**

54.8 ↑**

53.2 ↑**

Fiber (g)c

12

13

14

17

Vitamin A (IU)

4,475

4,817

5,242

6,361

Vitamin C (mg)

95

95

103 ↑

119

Thiamin (mg)

1.48 ↑

1.44 ↑

1.77 ↑*

2.13 ↑

Riboflavin (mg)

1.91

1.75

2.28 ↑

2.58

Niacin (mg)

18.1

19.0 ↑

21.5 ↑

27.8 ↑*

Vitamin B6 (mg)

1.52

1.53 ↑

1.84 ↑

2.21 ↑

Vitamin B12 (µg)

3.87 ↓*

3.80 ↓

4.53 ↓

5.85 ↓

Calcium

865

771

984

1,145

Phosphorous (mg)

1,138

1,108

1,292

1,633

Magnesium (mg)

219

223

249

311

Iron (mg)

13.8 ↑

13.8 ↑**

16.6 ↑**

19.8 ↑*

NOTE: CSFII = Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. NFCS = National Food Consumption Survey. IU = International Units.

aSignificant increase (↑) or decrease (↓) in mean intakes (or percentages) between 1977–1978 and 1994–1996, 1998 (p < 0.001).

bSignificant, progressive rise or fall in mean intakes (or percentages) from 1977–1978 through 1989–1991 to 1994–1996, 1998; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

cData from 1977–1978 and 1989–1991 are not provided.

SOURCES: Adapted from Enns et al. (2002, 2003).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

TABLE D-6 Food Sources of Energy Among U.S. Children and Adolescents, Ages 2–18 Years (CSFII 1989–1991)

Rank

Food Group

Girls and Boys 2–18 Years

Girls and Boys 2–5 Years

Girls and Boys 6–11 Years

Boys 12–18 Years

Girls 12–18 Years

 

 

% Energy

1

Milk

11.7

15.4

12.4

9.5

8.8

2

Yeast bread

9.3

8.7

9.1

9.8

9.7

3

Cakes/cookies/quick breads/donuts

6.2

5.8

6.4

6.3

6.0

4

Beef

5.7

4.3

5.4

7.0

6.4

5

Ready-to-eat cereal

4.5

5.3

4.8

4.1

3.3

6

Carbonated soft drinks

4.3

2.5

3.2

6.1

6.3

7

Cheese

3.7

3.3

3.4

3.8

4.4

8

Potato chips/corn chips/popcorn

3.1

2.0

2.9

3.3

4.6

9

Sugars/syrups/jams

3.0

2.6

3.3

3.0

2.9

10

Poultry

2.6

2.8

2.4

2.5

3.2

 

 

% Carbohydrate

1

Yeast bread

13.0

12.1

12.7

14.0

13.7

2

Carbonated soft drinks

8.5

4.9

6.1

12.3

12.3

3

Milk

7.9

10.2

8.2

6.6

6.1

4

Ready-to-eat cereal

7.4

8.6

7.9

6.9

5.5

5

Cakes/cookies/quick breads/donuts

7.2

6.6

7.4

7.4

7.1

6

Sugars/syrups/jams

6.0

5.1

6.5

6.1

5.8

7

Fruit drinks

4.3

5.4

4.4

3.5

3.9

8

Pasta

3.9

4.4

4.0

3.2

4.1

9

White potatoes

3.7

3.0

3.8

4.0

4.0

10

Orange/grapefruit juice

2.9

3.0

2.5

3.1

3.5

 

 

% Fat

1

Milk

13.8

19.0

15.0

10.7

10.3

2

Beef

9.7

7.3

9.1

11.7

10.6

3

Cheese

7.4

7.1

7.0

7.4

8.8

4

Margarine

6.8

7.5

6.7

7.0

6.0

5

Cakes/cookies/quick breads/donuts

6.6

6.4

6.8

6.7

6.2

6

Potato chips/corn chips/popcorn

4.9

3.4

4.5

5.1

7.3

7

Salad dressings/mayonnaise

4.3

2.6

3.7

5.3

6.1

8

Oils

4.2

3.7

4.3

4.2

4.3

9

Yeast bread

3.8

3.6

3.8

3.9

3.9

10

Other fats

3.5

2.8

3.5

3.6

4.1

 

SOURCE: Subar et al. (1998). Reproduced by permission of Pediatrics 102(4 Pt 1):913–923, ©1989–1991.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

TABLE D-7 Top 10 Foods and Beverages Contributing to Energy Intake in the U.S. Population, NHANES 1999–2000 and NHANES IIIa

Rank

Food

% Total Energy

Cumulative % Total Energy

NHANES 1999–2000

1

Regular soft drinks

7.1

7.1

2

Cake, sweet rolls, doughnuts, pastries

3.6

10.6

3

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers, meat loaf

3.1

13.8

4

Pizza

3.1

16.8

5

Potato chips, corn chips, popcorn

2.9

19.7

6

Rice

2.7

22.4

7

Rolls, buns, English muffins, bagels

2.7

25.0

8

Cheese or cheese spread

2.6

27.6

9

Beer

2.6

30.2

10

French fries, fried potatoes

2.2

32.4

NHANES III 1988–1994

1

Regular soft drinks

6.0

6.0

2

Cake, sweet rolls, donuts, pastries

3.9

9.9

3

Pizza

3.3

13.2

4

White bread including Italian or French

3.3

16.5

5

Hamburgers, cheeseburgers, meatloaf

3.1

19.6

6

Beer

2.7

22.3

7

Rolls, buns, English muffins, bagels

2.6

24.9

8

Potato chips, corn chips, popcorn

2.6

27.5

9

Rice

2.3

29.8

10

French fries, fried potatoes

2.3

32.1

aIncludes both adults and children of both sexes.

SOURCE: Adapted from Block (2004). Reprinted from Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, Vol 17, Block G, Foods contributing to energy intake in the US: Data from NHANES II and NHANES 1999–2000, Pages 439–447, 2004, with permission from Elsevier.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

TABLE D-8 Mean Sodium Intake (mg) for U.S. Children and Adolescents, 1971–2000a

Age/Sex Years

NHANES I 1971–1974

NHANES II 1976–1980

NHANES III 1988–1994

NHANES 1999–2000

Both Sexes

1–2

1,631

1,828

1,983

2,148

3–5

1,925

2,173

2,594

2,527

6–11

2,393

2,716

3,164

3,255

Boys

12–15

2,923

3,405

4,240

3,858

16–19

3,219

4,030

4,904

4,415

Girls

12–15

2,094

2,567

3,200

3,034

16–19

1,812

2,336

3,160

3,048

aIncludes food sources and sodium used in food preparation but not salt added to food at the table.

SOURCE: Reprinted, with permission, adapted from Briefel and Johnson (2004).

TABLE D-9 Trends in Sweetened Beverage and Milk Consumption by Children and Adolescents, Ages 2–18 Years

Measurement

Years

Sweetened Beveragesa

Milk

Percentage of total daily calorie intakeb

1977–1978

4.8

13.2

 

1989–1991

6.1

11.2

1994–1996

8.5

8.8

1999–2001

10.3

8.3

Percentage of consumers

1977–1978

74.5

94.3

 

1989–1991

74.2

90.3

1994–1996

84.7

84.6

Servingsc

1977–1978

2.02

3.46

 

1989–1991

2.2

2.89

1994–1996

2.55

2.75

Portionsd (fluid ounces)

1977–1978

13.1

15.4

 

1989–1991

15.8

14.1

1994–1996

18.9

13.6

aIncludes soft drinks and fruit drinks.

bBased on mean per capita intake.

cServings are the number of discrete times an individual consumes an item.

dPortions are the amount consumed by an individual at one eating occasion.

SOURCE: Adapted from Nielsen and Popkin (2004). Reprinted from American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol 27, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM, Changes in beverage intake between 1997 and 2001, Pages 205–210, 2004, with permission from American Journal of Preventive Medicine.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

REFERENCES

Block G. 2004. Foods contributing to energy intake in the US: Data from NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2000. J Food Comp Analysis 17(3-4):439–447.

Briefel RR, Johnson CL. 2004. Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States. Annu Rev Nutr 24:401–431.


Enns CW, Mickle SJ, Goldman JD. 2002. Trends in food and nutrient intakes by children in the United States. Fam Econ Nutr Rev 14(2):56–68.

Enns CW, Mickle SJ, Goldman JD. 2003. Trends in food and nutrient intakes by adolescents in the United States. Fam Econ Nutr Rev 15(2):15–27.


IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Catotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 2002–2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

IOM. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.


Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. 2004. Changes in beverage intake between 1997 and 2001. Am J Prev Med 27(3):205–210.


Subar AF, Krebs-Smith SM, Cook A, Kahle LL. 1998. Dietary sources of nutrients among US children, 1989–1991. Pediatrics 102(4 Pt 1):913–923.


USDA. 2003. Federal Register Notice on Technical Revisions to the Food Guide Pyramid. Table 2: Energy Levels for Proposed Food Intake Patterns. Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. [Online]. Available: http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/pyramid-update/FGP%20docs/TABLE%202.pdf [accessed March 28, 2005].

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Page 425
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D Chapter 2 Appendix." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Page 426
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Creating an environment in which children in the United States grow up healthy should be a high priority for the nation. Yet the prevailing pattern of food and beverage marketing to children in America represents, at best, a missed opportunity, and at worst, a direct threat to the health prospects of the next generation. Children’s dietary and related health patterns are shaped by the interplay of many factors—their biologic affinities, their culture and values, their economic status, their physical and social environments, and their commercial media environments—all of which, apart from their genetic predispositions, have undergone significant transformations during the past three decades. Among these environments, none have more rapidly assumed central socializing roles among children and youth than the media. With the growth in the variety and the penetration of the media have come a parallel growth with their use for marketing, including the marketing of food and beverage products. What impact has food and beverage marketing had on the dietary patterns and health status of American children? The answer to this question has the potential to shape a generation and is the focus of Food Marketing to Children and Youth. This book will be of interest to parents, federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, health care professionals, industry companies, industry trade groups, media, and those involved in community and consumer advocacy.

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