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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Index

A

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range, 47

Added sugars intake

associated food and nutrient intakes, 64–65

definition, 59n

dental health and, 44

dietary recommendations, 45, 59

infant and toddler diets, 19, 74–75

patterns and trends, 2, 18, 19, 59–60, 61, 62, 375

as percentage of calorie intake, 59–60

recommendations for food and beverage companies, 11, 382

regional variation, 81–82

sources, 65, 66, 68

television commercials and, 184

trends, 61

Adequate intake

actual intakes and, 55–56

definition, 46–47

infant and toddler diets, 73

Adiposity

age factors moderating influence of marketing, 294–295

definition, 231

evidence linking television viewing to, 272, 273–278, 279–292

gender differences moderating influence of marketing on, 298–299

influence of advertising, 9, 278–279, 292–293, 308, 379–380

measurement, 275–276

nonadvertising-related television viewing effects, 284–289, 290–292

as predictive of television viewing time, 273, 280–281

See also Body weight and composition;

Obesity

Advergames, 186, 193–195, 350

Advertising, generally

branded products, 4, 22, 191, 210

branded spokescharacters, 170–171

celebrity endorsements, 175

cereal, 170–171, 175–176

children’s cognitive capacity to recognize and evaluate, 4, 5, 9, 20–21, 30, 231, 295–298, 301, 305, 309, 343, 380

definition, 26, 137

distribution by food category, 164–165

Federal Trade Commission regulation, 5, 29–30, 181, 182–183

goals, 137

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

industry self-regulation, 198–201, 210

industry spending, 4, 163–170, 377

intensity, 164–165

leading advertisers, 164

marketing and, 21, 26, 137

most famous advertising images, 171

outdoor, 186–187

rationale for regulating, 29, 32, 341, 344–345, 346–347

vehicles and venues, 4–5, 21, 22–23, 167, 169, 186, 190–191

See also Marketing of food and beverages to youth;

Television advertising

Advertising Council, 209

Age

categories and definitions, 25

as moderator of marketing influence, 294–295, 309

Agriculture production system, 120, 123, 351–352

Alliance for American Advertising, 31, 209

American Association of Diabetes Educators, 209

American Beverage Association, 188, 206–207

American Council for Fitness and Nutrition, 209

American Dietetic Association, 209

American Legacy Foundation, 336, 337

American Marketing Association, 206

Atherosclerosis, 43

Australia, 33, 360

B

Balanced diet. See Healthful and balanced diets and meals

Beliefs, food and beverage

cultural transmission, 117

as diet precursor, 230

evidence of marketing effects on, 254, 258–259

gender differences, 99

health concerns, 99

influence of advertising, 8, 260–261, 307, 379

influence on preferences or behaviors, 117, 271–272

taste related to healthfulness, 95–96

time constraints as obstacle to healthful eating, 104, 150

See also Precursors, dietary

Benchmarks and baselines, 7

Benefits of unregulated marketing, 31, 341

Beverage consumption

bone health and, 44

brand loyalty, 376

calorie density, 63

demographic patterns, 67

infant and toddler diets, 74–75

new product introductions, 146, 156, 158

nutrient availability, 66–67

patterns and trends, 44, 52, 61, 65–68, 146, 375

quantity consumed per occasion, 71

regional variation, 81–82

research needs, 66

settings for, 68

as source of added sugars, 65, 66, 68

See also Fruit juice consumption;

Marketing of food and beverages to youth;

Milk and milk consumption;

Soft drink consumption

Beverage industry, 146.

See also Companies, food and beverage

Billboards, 186–187

Bitter tastes

genetic influence, 93–94

vegetable consumption and, 94, 97

Blogs/blogging, 196

Blood pressure, in metabolic syndrome, 43

Body weight and composition

breakfast consumption and, 69, 375

cultural values, 117–119

gender differences in concerns about, 99, 117–119

normal development, 45–46

overweight classification, 17–18

self esteem and, 118

self-perception of, depression and, 100

trends, 41, 42–43

See also Adiposity;

Obesity

Branded products

advertising goals, 103–104, 120, 136, 210

co-branding, 172, 173, 174

nutrient content of, 22, 120

online marketing, 191

in television commercials, 22

trends, 4, 210

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

Brand recognition and preference

advertising goals, 103, 120, 136, 210

advertising effects, 253

behavioral branding, 336

branded spokescharacters, 170–171

children’s capacity for, 30–31, 103, 376

children’s product requests, 102, 103–104, 376

consumer behavior, 137

nonprocessed foods, 136, 137

processed foods, 136–137

top brands, 146

See also Branded products;

Product placement

Breakfast consumption

associated dietary patterns, 69

body composition related to, 375

economic status and, 79, 107

fat content, 58

food choices in, 69

gender differences, 99

infant and toddler diets, 75

mother’s work status and, 106

patterns and trends, 68–69, 163, 375

perceived time constraints and, 104

product innovations, 163

regional variation, 82

Breast milk, 95

British Medical Association, 33, 302, 357

Buzz marketing, 196.

See also Viral marketing

C

Caffeine, 67

Calcium intake

associated food and nutrient intakes, 64–65

bone health and, 44

breakfast consumption, 69

economic status and, 80

infant and toddler diets, 73

obesity risk and, 53

patterns and trends, 2, 18, 19, 50, 54, 55, 56, 82, 375

regional variation, 81

sources, 56, 67

Calorie intake

from away-from-home foods, 19, 71–72, 113, 114, 151, 375

beverage sources, 65–68

calorie density, 63

current concerns, 1, 2, 18, 374

eating locations and, 71–72

economic status and, 79, 107

food sources, 52–53, 61–65

health promotion goals, 40

high-calorie low-nutrient foods and beverages in, 53, 63–64

at home, 105

of infants and toddlers, 19, 73–74, 375

measurement, 50–51, 375

neurobiological regulation, 92

nutrient distribution, 52–61

patterns and trends, 49–50, 52–53, 375

possible adiposity–television viewing linkage, 284

recommendations for food and beverage companies, 11, 382

regional variation, 81

in schools, 71–72, 112

snacks as source of, 69–70

sources, 19, 375

See also Nutrient content

Calories Count campaign, 324

Canada, 32–33, 354, 359–360

Cancer, diet-related risk, 1–2, 18, 43

Candy

availability in schools, 113

calorie intake from, 52

children’s product requests, 103

drug store sales, 151

marketing strategies, 140

new product introductions, 156, 158

purchasing power of children and youth, 155

Carbohydrate intake

dietary recommendations and guidelines, 47

infant and toddler diets, 73

sources, 52–53

taste influence, 94

trends, 19, 53–54, 375

Cardiovascular disorders, 1–2, 18, 39, 43

Carotene intake, regional variation, 81

Catalog promotions, 187

Causal inference validity, 240–242

Celebrity endorsements, 175

Cell phones, 22–23, 179, 196–197

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 322, 325

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation v. Public Service Commission, 344–346

Cereals

advertising spending, 170

branded spokescharacters, 170–171

children’s product requests, 102, 103

diet correlations, 69

infant and toddler diets, 74

market size, 170

new product introductions, 156

portion size, 71

premium offers, 175–176

purchasing power of children and youth, 154

regional variation in consumption, 81

Channel One, 188–190

Character merchandising, 377

branded spokescharacters, 170–171

definition, 172

developmental considerations, 172–173

goals, 172

host-selling format, 294

industry self-regulation, 198

to promote healthful products, 173–174, 175, 377

recommendations for, 12, 383

uses of, 4, 175, 377

Child and Adult Care Food Program, 14, 111–112, 121, 122, 328, 386

Child-care settings, 14, 111–112, 328, 386

Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act, 122, 326

Child Nutrition Labeling Program, 328

Child Nutrition Programs, 122, 321, 327

Children’s Advertising Review Unit, 198–201

company compliance with guidelines of, 200

current efforts, 378

effectiveness, 200–201

guidelines, 198–200

organizational structure and function, 198

purpose, 198, 378

recommendations for, 12, 383

Children’s Online Privacy Act, 191, 349

Children’s Television Act, 181, 348

Cholesterol intake

dietary recommendations and guidelines, 58

economic status and, 79

healthy and balanced diet, 45

patterns and trends, 54, 58

sources, 56

Circulatory disorders, 1–2

Club sponsorship, 187

Coalition for Healthy Children, 209

Co-branding, 172, 173, 174

Cognitive functioning

brand recognition, 30–31, 103, 376

children’s capacity to recognize and evaluate advertising, 4, 5, 9, 20–21, 30, 231, 295–298, 301, 305, 309, 343, 380

learning process, 20

media literacy training, 326–327

moderators of marketing influence, 231, 295–298

nutrition knowledge and eating behavior, 100

research needs, 305

See also Beliefs, food and beverage;

Consumer socialization

Commercial speech, 344–345

Committee on Food Marketing and the Diets of Children and Youth, 6

Community-based interventions, recommendations for, 13, 384

Companies, food and beverage

economic significance, 119

educational materials sponsored by, 190, 326

employment, 119

food processing, 120

food supply characteristics, 120, 351, 352

health and wellness advisory groups, 208

healthful product promotion, 10, 146–150, 201–202, 374

health promotion activities, 209, 210–211, 378

incentives for health promotion, 14, 385

mergers and acquisitions, 146

nutrition labeling requirements, 323–324

recommendations for health promotion activities, 10–11, 14, 382, 385

revenues, 4, 144, 146, 156

self-regulation of advertising, 198–201, 206–207, 355

See also Marketing of food and beverages to youth;

Trade associations

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

Computer use, 177–178.

See also Internet

Conditioning, 98

Consumer promotion, 137, 167

Consumers, children as

purchasing power, 5, 21–22, 153–155

social and cultural trends, 31

Consumer socialization

children’s product requests, 102–104

definition, 102

media literacy education, 326–327

process, 20

skills, 4

social benefits of marketing, 31

Containers, serving, 102

Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 50, 51

Convenience, 104, 114, 150, 162–163

Convenience stores, 151

Cookies, Internet, 191

Copper intake, 56

Cost of food

food choices and, 104–105, 269–270

growth, 144n

as obstacle to healthier diets, 107–108

research needs, 108

Cost of obesity-associated medical care, 41

Coupons

event and loyalty marketing, 187

industry spending, 169

wireless, 197

Cross promotion, 172, 348

D

Dairy product consumption

economic status and, 107

as nutrient source, 56

parental, 109

patterns and trends, 61–62, 63

regional variation, 81

strategies for improving youth health, 2

See also Milk and milk consumption

Data sources

access to industry research, 7, 15, 34, 143, 377, 387

beverage consumption, 66

evaluation methodology, 6, 33–34

on marketing practices and trends, 24–25, 33, 34, 133–134

media use patterns, 176

new product introductions, 156

nutrient and food intake information, 50–61

shortcomings, 7

for systematic evidence review, 227, 232–237, 243–247

Demand for healthier food choices, 201, 204

Denmark, 358

Dental health, 39, 40, 44–45

Department of Agriculture, U.S.

education and information programs, 320–321, 322, 323, 326

food assistance programs, 121, 122–123

recommendations for, 14, 15, 386–387

Department of Defense, U.S., 329

Department of Education, U.S., 322, 325, 381

Department of Health and Human Services, U.S.

Children’s Advertising Review Unit and, 200–201

education and information programs, 320, 321, 322, 323

recommendations for, 15, 16, 386–387, 387

Depression, 78, 100

Development, individual

beverage consumption patterns, 66, 67

brand recognition, 103–104

breakfast consumption patterns, 68

character merchandising and, 172–173

cognitive capacity to recognize and evaluate advertising, 4, 5, 9, 20–21, 30, 231, 295–298, 301, 305, 309, 343, 380

definition of health, 19

food preferences, 96, 97, 123–124, 305, 376

normal weight gain, 45–46

obesity risk, 18

research needs, 305

See also Consumer socialization

Diabetes

associated conditions, 41–42

diet-related risk, 1, 18

federal educational interventions to prevent, 322

metabolic syndrome and, 43

trends, 1, 17, 39, 82

Diet. See Eating behavior and dietary intake

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Eating Plan, 48

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 47–48, 49, 320

Dietary reference intakes, 46–47

actual intakes and, 55–56

Dietary supplements. See Supplements, dietary

Dieting, 100–101

Digital television, 195–196

Dinner, children’s influence on food choices, 103

Discretionary fat, 59n

Drug stores, 151

E

Eating behavior and dietary intake

accessibility of food and, 108

age factors moderating influence of marketing on, 294

assessment methods, 50–51

biological factors, 92–93

in child-care settings, 111

consumer socialization effects, 102–104

cost factors, 104–105, 107–108

data sources, 50, 230

determinants of, 1, 2–4, 8, 19–20, 123, 373, 376, 379

developmental change, 96–97, 305

dietary recommendations and guidelines, 45, 46–49, 320–321

dieting practices, 100–101

diet precursors and, 261, 270–272

eating occasions per day, 75, 79, 80

ecological perspective in outcome evaluation, 26–28, 91–92, 123

evidence of marketing influence, 261–264

family factors, 105–110

food/beverage type, intake distribution by, 52–53, 61–68, 74–75

gender differences in, 98–99

gender differences moderating influence of marketing on, 298

genetic factors, 93–94

government policy effects, 123

health outcomes, 2, 39–40, 374

individual health concerns and, 99

influence of marketing, 8–9, 265–272, 379

mother’s work status and, 106–107

neighborhood food retail outlets and, 115–116

normal development, 45–46

nutrition knowledge and, 100

parental, 109

patterns and trends, 18, 19, 61–62, 375

peer influence, 110–111

portion size and, 101–102

psychosocial factors, 97–100

quantity consumed per eating occasion, 70–71

regional variation, 81

in restaurants, 113–115

in schools, 112–113

sensory influences, 94–96

settings, 71–72, 105

sociocultural factors, 116–119

strategies for improving youth health, 2, 374

time constraints and, 104, 150

See also Breakfast consumption;

Calorie intake;

Nutrient intake;

Portion sizes;

Precursors, dietary;

Snacks and snacking

Eating disorders, 100

Eat Smart, Play Hard™ Campaign, 321

Ecological perspective, 26–28, 91–92, 123

Ecological validity, 242–243

Educational interventions

effectiveness, 326, 361

federal programs, 320, 321–323, 325–326

in food assistance programs, 121

learning process, 20

media literacy, 326–327

MyPyramid, 48–49, 320–321

nutrition labeling, 323–325

recommendations for schools, 13–14, 385

in schools, 325–327

scope of, 361

See also Social marketing

Electrolytes, 47

Embedded marketing, 141

Emotional appeals, 170

Energy balance

current patterns, 19

definition, 45n

estimated energy requirements, 45

Entertainment industry

celebrity endorsements, 175

children’s, 164

interest in youth market, 23

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

recommendations for, 12–13, 384

self-regulation of marketing activities by, 207–208

See also Character merchandising

Estimated average requirements, 46

actual intakes and, 55

Estimated energy requirements, 45, 47

actual intake and, 56

calorie requirement calculations, 56–57

infant and toddler intakes, 73

European Heart Network, 32, 301, 302, 355

European Union, 355–356

Event and loyalty marketing, 4, 169, 187

Evolutionary theory, 93, 94

Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, 321

F

Fast food and quick serve restaurants

branded spokescharacters, 171

co-branding campaigns, 174–175

consumer lawsuits against, 341–342

consumer spending, 151

definition, 31n, 151n, 406

industry leaders, 151

in-school sales, 188

number of, 151

nutrition labeling requirements for, 323–324

premium offers, 175–176

promotion of healthful diets in, 204–205

revenues, 151

sociodemographic characteristics, 114–115

See also Restaurants

Fat, dietary intake of

in away-from-home meals, 114

biological influences, 93, 94–95

dietary recommendations and guidelines, 45, 47, 57, 58

economic status and, 79, 80, 107

in family meals, 109

food assistance program meals, 328

gender differences, 98

health and nutrition attitudes as factors in, 99

infant and toddler diets, 73–74

patterns and trends, 2, 19, 53, 54, 58, 62, 375

as percentage of caloric intake, 54

school food choices and, 113

social marketing programs to reduce, 335

sources, 52–53, 56

See also Saturated fats in youth diet;

Trans fats in youth diet

Federal Advisory Committee Act, 7

Federal Communications Commission, 181–182, 348–349

Federal Trade Commission

Internet regulation, 349

recommendations for, 12, 15, 383, 386–387

regulatory role, 342–343

rulemaking in 1970s, 5, 29–30, 342–344

Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study, 62, 73

Fiber intake

breakfast consumption, 69

current concerns, 2, 50, 82

current patterns, 59

dietary recommendations and guidelines, 58–59

infant and toddler diets, 74

mother’s work status and, 106

overall diet quality and, 59

regional variation, 81

Finland, 359

First Amendment rights, 30, 31, 341, 344, 345, 346, 347–348, 349, 350

Five a Day for Better Health, 322, 334–335, 361

Fluoride, 40, 44, 45

Folate/folic acid

current concerns, 50

current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56

regional variation, 81

sources, 56

Food and Drug Administration, 323, 380

Food Guide Pyramid, 48–49, 120

actual intake vs., 62–63

Food insecurity

economic status and, 76–78

obesity patterns and, 78

psychosocial outcomes, 78

Food Products Association, 206

Food Stamp Program, 41, 79, 121, 122, 123, 321

Forbidden foods, 110

France, 357, 358

French fries, 52, 71, 74, 114

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Program, 122, 123, 328–329

Fruit consumption

accessibility as factor in home consumption, 108, 271

advertising intensity, 165

away-from-home dining and, 115

branding strategies to influence, 136, 137

character merchandising to promote, 173–174

children’s product requests, 103

determinants of, 271

development of food preferences, 22

economic status and, 79, 107

in family meals, 108–109

healthy and balanced diet, 45

infant and toddler diets, 74

neighborhood retail outlets and, 115

nutrition knowledge and, 100

packaging innovations to encourage, 203

parental, 109

patterns and trends, 19, 61–62, 63, 375

price factors, 105, 108

recommendations for government to improve access, 14, 386

regional variation, 81

school food choices and, 113

school programs to promote, 122, 328–329

social marketing programs to promote, 334–335

strategies for improving youth health, 2, 374

Fruit juice consumption

infant and toddler diets, 62, 74

marketing strategies, 140

new product introductions, 156

portion size, 71

quantity consumed per occasion, 63, 71

trends, 63, 65, 66, 67

G

Gender differences

average weight, 41

beverage consumption, 67

body image concerns, 99, 117–119

breakfast consumption, 68

current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56, 57

diabetes risk trends, 39

dieting behaviors, 100–101

eating behaviors, 98–99

food shopping, 150

health and nutrition attitudes, 99

in influence of marketing, 298–299

micronutrient intake, 55, 376

online use, 195

Genetic influence on eating behaviors, 93–94, 109

Geographic variation in nutrient and calorie intakes, 80–82

Germany, 358

Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, 32

Glucose metabolism, in metabolic syndrome, 43

Greece, 358

Grocery Manufacturers Association, 200, 205–206

H

Hamburgers, 71

Head Start, 111, 323, 328

Health, defined, 19

Health, diet-related

associated diseases, 1–2, 18, 43

beverages in, 65

broad conclusions, 9, 374

environmental influences on, 2–4, 6, 19–20

evidence of marketing linkage, 272–278

food insecurity and, 78

influence of marketing on, 8, 10, 278–293, 308, 374, 379–380

research methodology, 230–231

trends, 1, 17, 39, 41, 82

See also Adiposity;

Diabetes;

Obesity

Healthful and balanced diets and meals

agricultural policy and, 351–352

consumer demand, 201, 204

cost, 108

definition, 2, 82, 374

dietary recommendations and guidelines, 45, 46–49, 320–321

federal educational programs, 320, 321–323

marketing of, 29, 143, 146–150, 173–175, 324–325, 362, 378

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

multisectoral involvement to promote, 10, 124, 374

new product design for, 10, 156, 201–203, 210–211, 374

opportunities to improve food assistance programs, 122–123

recommendations for food and beverage companies, 10–11, 382

recommendations for media and entertainment industry, 12–13, 384

recommendations for parents and families, 13, 384

recommendations for public policy, 14–15, 385–386

recommendations for restaurants, 11, 382

recommendations for schools, 13–14, 385

recommendations for trade associations, 11–12, 383

research needs, 304

social marketing programs to promote, 334–335, 340, 381

time constraints as obstacles to, 104, 150

youth attitudes toward, 95–96, 99

See also Health promotion

HealthierUS School Challenge, 322, 361

Health insurance, poverty and, 76

Health promotion

broad conclusions, 9, 374

cultural values and, 119

goals, 39–40

industry advisory groups for, 208

international efforts, 32–33, 354–361

multisectoral approach, 124

outcomes of food assistance programs, 40–41

public–private partnerships, 208–209

school programs, 325–332

social marketing campaigns, 334–338, 340, 381

use of marketing techniques for, 29, 143

See also Healthful and balanced diets and meals

Healthy People 2010 initiative, 42

Heart disease, 1–2, 18, 43.

See also Cardiovascular disorders

Height, 41

Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 335

High-calorie low-nutrient foods and beverages

associated health risks, 1–2, 18

consumption patterns and trends, 2, 19, 63–65, 375, 377

development of food preferences, 22

influence of television advertising on diet precursors, 8, 307

in-school marketing, 113, 190

marketing strategies, 139–140

marketing trends, 4, 377

new product introductions, 158, 210

as portion of total calorie intake, 53, 63–64

predictors of consumption of, 64

tax policy, 352–354

television commercial content, 22, 184

types of, 63

Host-selling format, 294

Hungary, 358

Hypermarkets, 150n

I

Immersive advertising, 195

Infants and toddlers

brand marketing to, 194

calorie and nutrient intakes, 19, 73–74, 375

definition, 25

dietary imbalances, 19, 376

eating occasions per day, 75

food/beverage type intake, 74–75, 375

food preference formation, 96

population size, 139

taste preferences, 94, 95

Influence of marketing

on adiposity, 9, 379–380

age differences and, 294–295

on beliefs about food and beverages, 8, 254, 256–257, 258–259, 379

children’s cognitive capacity and, 4, 5, 9, 20–21, 30, 231, 295–298, 301, 305, 309, 343, 380

on dietary intake, 8–9, 261–272, 308, 379

on diet precursors, 8, 230, 232, 251–261, 307, 379

on diet-related health, 8, 9, 10, 308, 374, 379–380

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

on food and beverage preferences, 8, 21, 22, 253, 256–258, 258, 261, 307, 379

on food and beverage requests, 8, 253–254, 256–257, 307, 379

gender differences and, 298–299

methodology for reviewing evidence of, 227–250

moderator effects, 231, 293–294

products other than food and beverage, 234–235

racial/ethnic differences and, 299

recommendations for research, 303–306

research limitations, 302–303

on short-term eating behavior, 308

socioeconomic status as moderator of, 300

on teen diet, 8–9, 96, 307, 308, 379

Interactive Healthy Eating Index, 49

Interactive product placement, 195–196

International Chamber of Commerce, 355

International research and action, 32–33, 300–302, 354–361

Internet

advertising trends, 4–5, 22–23, 194, 358

children’s exposure to food and beverage advertising, 194

children’s use of, 4–5

cognitive capacity to recognize and evaluate advertising on, 296

embedded commerce, 195–196

interactive product placement, 195

marketing strategies, 186, 190–191

online gaming, 193–195

product placement, 193

regulation, 349–350, 359, 381

use patterns, 177–178

Ireland, 356, 358, 359

Iron intake

current concerns, 2, 50

deficiency patterns, 80

economic status and, 80

infant and toddler diets, 73

mother’s work status and, 106

regional variation, 81

sources, 56

trends, 54, 55

J

Junk food, 31n.

See also High-calorie low-nutrient foods and beverages

K

Kidvid, 30, 343–344

L

Labeling, nutrient

consumer use of, 324

design and content, 323, 324

effectiveness of, 324, 325, 380

federal food assistance programs, 328

goals, 323

health claims, 324

opportunities for improving, 324

to promote healthful diet, 361

recommendations for, 11, 382

regulation, 323, 324, 325, 361

research needs, 378

restaurant requirements, 323–324

shortcomings, 324–325

use of proprietary logos and icons, 202–203, 324–325, 378

Learning process, 20

parental role-modeling, 109

Legume intake, 2, 62

Lipoprotein levels, in metabolic syndrome, 43

Logos and icons, 202–203, 324–325, 378

Low-income families

access to healthful foods and beverages, 124

computer access and use, 177, 178

dental health, 44–45

diet characteristics, 107–108

diet-related health risks, 2

eating occasions per day among, 79, 80

food assistance programs, 40–41, 121–123, 327–328

food insecurity risk, 76–78

health insurance coverage, 76

marketing influence moderated by economic status, 300

neighborhood grocery store characteristics, 115–116

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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neighborhood restaurant characteristics, 115

nutrient intake patterns, 76, 79, 80, 376

nutrition education programs, 321

obesity patterns among, 76, 78–79

prevalence, 75, 107

Lunch

fat content, 58

food assistance programs, 122, 326, 327–328

infant and toddler diets, 75

ready-to-eat meals, 163

Luxembourg, 358

M

Magazine advertising, 185–186

Magnesium intake

current concerns, 2, 50, 82

current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56

sources, 56

trends, 54

Marketing of food and beverages to youth, 209–210

assessing effectiveness of, 141–142

audience fragmentation, 165, 186

broad conclusions, 9, 374

children’s exposure to, 4–5, 21, 120–121

components of, 26, 28, 135

consumer promotion, 137, 167

in consumer socialization process, 20

cross promotion, 172, 348

cultural groups as target markets, 140–141

current concerns, 1, 5–6, 373

current promotion of healthful diets in, 10, 201–209, 374

data sources and research base, 6, 7, 23, 24–25, 30, 33, 34, 133–134, 302–303

definition, 25–26, 134–135

diet mediators/precursors, 230

ecological perspective in outcome evaluation of, 26–28, 91–92

economic significance, 119, 153, 156

embedded marketing, 141

emerging trends, 186, 190–198, 210

event sponsorship, 4, 169, 187

healthful products, 146–150, 173–174, 202, 362

for health promotion, 29, 143, 202

historical development, 168–169

industry spending, 4, 146, 163–164, 165–168, 169, 377

international research and action, 5–6, 32–33, 300–302, 354–361

marketing research, 135, 142–143, 190–191, 233, 376–377

parent-targeted advertising and, 169

premium offers, 175–176

public opinion on regulation of, 29

recommendations for food and beverage companies, 10–11, 382

recommendations for practice standards, 11, 12, 383

recommendations for research, 15, 386–387

regulation of, 29–32, 340–341, 342–350, 354–361

research goals, 23–24

research methodology, 24–28

in retail, 150

in schools, 187–190, 377

scope of activities in, 21, 22–23, 26

social benefits of, 31, 341

strategic elements, 135–136

strategic trends in, 4, 21, 146

target markets and market segmentation, 138–141

trade association guidelines, 206

trade promotion, 137–138

youth market characteristics, 138–139

See also Advertising, generally;

Branded products;

Influence of marketing;

New product introductions

Meat and protein consumption

infant and toddler diets, 73

patterns and trends, 52, 53, 61, 62, 63, 351

portion sizes, 71

as source of trans fatty acids, 58

Media

advertising vehicles, 4–5, 21, 22–23, 186, 190–191, 377

character merchandising, 172

children’s exposure to, 4–5, 120–121, 276–277

co-branding campaigns, 174–175

ideals of beauty, 118–119

influence on dietary patterns, 2–4, 376

in-school advertising, 188–190

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

literacy, 326–327

marketing trends, 4, 167, 191, 377

measured/unmeasured, 141–142, 167

print, 185–186

product placement, 4, 141, 167–168, 192–195

recommendations for industry, 12–13, 384

self-regulation of youth marketing, 207–208

social marketing use of, 333

use patterns, 176–179

See also Television advertising

Menus, 11, 380, 382

Metabolic syndrome

associated health risks, 43

definition, 43

prevalence, 39, 43

risk factors, 43

trends, 17

Micronutrients, intake of

associated food and nutrient intakes, 64–65

at-risk subgroups, 44, 80, 376

current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56–57

dietary recommendations and guidelines, 47

dietary supplement use, 61

health implications, 44

past public health interventions, 40, 41

trends, 54–55

See also specific micronutrient

Milk and milk consumption

agricultural policy, 351–352

celebrity endorsement advertising, 175

demographic patterns, 67

health outcomes, 44

infant and toddler diets, 74

patterns and trends, 19, 52, 61, 65–66, 67, 68, 375

regional variation, 82

See also Dairy product consumption

Milk Matters Calcium Education Campaign, 322

Mineral supplements, 61

Mobile phones, 179, 196–197

Moderators of marketing influence, 293–294, 308–309

age differences, 294–295

children’s cognitive capacity, 295–298

gender differences, 298–299

racial/ethnic differences, 299

significance of, 300

socioeconomic status, 300

Monitoring progress in marketing

benchmarks and baselines, 7

recommendations for, 15–16, 387

Mortality, 2, 39, 40

Music, product placement in, 193

MyPyramid, 48–49, 320–321, 361

N

National Advertising Review Council, 198

National Children’s Study, 304–305

National Governors Association, 14, 385

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 50, 51

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 322

National Institutes of Health, 322–323

National Parent Teacher Association, 14, 385

National School Lunch Program, 14, 78–79, 112, 121, 122, 326, 327–328, 386

National School Meals Program, 41

National Science Foundation, recommendations for, 15, 386–387

National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, 337

Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 50, 51

Neighborhood characteristics

food retail outlets, 115–116

restaurants, 114–115

Netherlands, 358

Neurobiology of eating, 92–93

New product introductions

beverages, 146

branding in product development, 136

children and youth as targets of, 156–158

healthful products, 156

market segmentation in product development, 141

product type distribution, 156, 158

ready-to-eat meals, 163

repackaging of classic products, 161–162

trends, 4, 146, 156–158, 210

Niacin intake, 54–55

Norway, 32–33, 354, 358

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Nutrient content

American food supply, 120

beverages, 65, 66–67

food assistance program meals, 121–123, 328

of home-prepared vs. away-from-home foods, 71–72

neighborhood retail outlets and, 115, 116

processed foods, 120

recommendations for food and beverage companies, 11, 382

recommendations for labeling, 11, 382

regulation of products available in schools, 330–332

See also High-calorie low-nutrient foods and beverages;

Labeling, nutrient

Nutrient intake

assessment methods, 50–51

in child-care settings, 111–112

dietary recommendations and guidelines, 45, 46–49, 320–321

dietary supplement use, 61

dieting behaviors and, 101

economic status and, 76

in family meals, 108–109

fast food consumption and, 114

goals of dietary guidance, 40, 45

health and nutrition attitudes as factors in, 99

infants and toddlers, 73–74

maternal employment and, 106

patterns and trends, 19, 49–50, 52–61, 82–83, 375

regional variation, 81

See also Eating behavior and dietary intake;

Healthful and balanced diets and meals;

specific nutrient

Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, 323–324

O

Obesity

associated health risks, 41–42, 43

at-risk population, 1, 41

cultural values and, 117, 119

definition and classification, 17–18, 39, 41

economic status and, 76, 78–79

federal educational interventions to prevent, 322

food and beverage industry coalitions to address, 209

food insufficiency and, 78

international research and intervention, 32, 33, 301–302

lawsuits against food industry for causing, 341–342

metabolic syndrome risk, 43

mother’s work status and, 106–107

prevalence, 1, 42

public opinion on causality, 29

racial/ethnic risk, 76

risk factors, 17, 18, 22, 53

severe, 18

social costs, 41

strategies for preventing, 18, 24

trends, 1, 5, 9, 17, 18, 39, 41, 42, 49–50, 82, 378

See also Adiposity;

Body weight and composition

Oil, cooking, 58

Older children, defined, 25

Osteomalacia, 44

Osteoporosis, 1–2, 18, 44

Outdoor advertising, 186–187

P

Packaging

consumer response to products labeled “healthy,” 169

industry spending, 169

logos and icons to identify healthy products, 202–203, 324–325, 378

recommendations for, 11, 382

See also Labeling, nutrient

Pagers, 179

Parents and families

accessibility of food in home, 108

child feeding practices, 109–110, 305

family meals, 108–109

influence of children and youth on purchasing, 21–22, 103, 155

influences on eating behaviors of children and youth, 105–110

maternal employment, 106–107

parents as eating behavior role models, 109

parent-targeted marketing, 169, 172

recommendations for health promotion practices, 13, 384

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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research needs, 305, 306

in socialization process, 20

Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, 58

Partnership for a Drug-Free America, 337

Pasta, 61

Peer relationship

eating behaviors and, 110–111

food preferences and, 98

Personal digital assistants, 179

Phosphorus intake

current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56

trends, 54

Physical activity

estimated energy requirement calculations, 56–57

health outcomes, 2, 24, 28, 39, 374

health promotion strategy, 40

obesity and, 16, 53, 388

possible adiposity–television viewing linkage, 273, 284, 288, 291

research needs, 303

social marketing programs to promote, 335–336

Pizza, 52, 61, 71

Portion sizes

eating behavior and, 101–102

patterns and trends, 70–71, 101, 102, 376

recommendations for research, 15, 386

snacks, 69, 70

Portugal, 358

Potassium intake

dietary recommendations, 60

patterns, 2, 50, 60, 82

sources, 56

Potatoes, 62, 115

in away-from-home diets, 115

consumption trends, 61, 62

infant and toddler diets, 19, 74, 75, 376

school food choices, 113

Pouring rights, 188, 329–332

Powerful Bones, Powerful Girls™, 322

Precursors, dietary

age factors moderating influence of marketing, 294

behavior and, 261, 270–272

definition, 230

evidence of marketing effects on, 251–261

influence of marketing, 8, 307, 379

See also Beliefs, food and beverage;

Preferences, food and beverage;

Requests, food and beverage

Preferences, food and beverage

biological predispositions, 93

brand recognition and, 376

capacity for change, 95, 97–98

determinants of, 98, 260

developmental factors, 96–97

as diet precursor, 230

effect of food reward systems, 98, 109–110

evidence of marketing effects on, 253, 256–258

food behavior and, 270–271

formation of, 22, 96, 97, 123–124, 376

genetic factors, 93–94

health and nutrition attitudes and, 99

influence of advertising, 8, 21, 22, 258, 260–261, 307, 379

neurobiological basis, 92–93

parental, 109

prenatal factors, 95

psychosocial factors, 97–98

taste factors, 94–96

See also Eating behavior and dietary intake;

Precursors, dietary

Pregnant women, 116

Premium advertising, 175–176

Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance, 20, 24

Print media, 4, 185–186

Privacy, regulation of online exchanges, 349–350

Processed foods

branding, 136–137

economic significance, 144

nutrient content, 120

Produce for Better Health Foundation, 335

Product placement, 4, 141, 167–168, 190, 192–195, 210, 267

ProductScan®, 134, 156

Project LEAN, 335

Protein intake. See Meat and protein consumption

Psychosocial functioning

food insecurity effects, 78

food preferences, 97–98

food reward systems, 98, 109–110

influence on eating behavior, 100

See also Beliefs, food and beverage;

Cognitive functioning

Public opinion

on obesity causes, 29

regulation of advertising, 340

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Public policy

agriculture supports and restrictions, 120, 123, 351–352

current shortcomings, 10, 374

diet behavior and, 123

federal nutrition education programs, 320–325, 361

food assistance programs, 40–41, 121–123, 327–328

goals, 14, 16, 24, 385, 388

international marketing regulation, 354–361

opportunities for improving, 380–381

public–private partnerships for health promotion, 208–209

recommendations for health promotion, 14–15, 385–386

regulation of products available in schools, 330–332

school-based programs for health promotion, 325–329

significance of, in shaping nutritional environment, 319, 361

social marketing initiatives, 332–340

tax law, 352–354

See also Regulation

Public service announcements, 333

Purchasing power of children and youth, 5, 21–22, 153–155

Q

Quick serve restaurants. See Fast food and quick serve restaurants

R

Race/ethnicity

beverage consumption patterns, 67

body satisfaction and, 117–118

breakfast consumption patterns, 68–69

calorie intake data, 52

computer access and use patterns, 177, 178

dental health and, 45

fast food/quick serve restaurant locations and, 115

fat intake patterns, 54, 58

influence of marketing moderated by, 299

marketing trends, 140

media use patterns, 178

neighborhood grocery store characteristics, 115, 116

nutrient intake patterns, 81

obesity and, 76

poverty risk and, 75

regional variation in diet, 81

snacking behaviors, 69

sociocultural diversity and, 117

sodium intake and, 60

target marketing, 139–141

teen spending patterns, 154

television advertising and, 185

Radio, 4, 181

Recommended Dietary Allowances, 46

Recommended energy allowances, 56, 62

Regulation

arguments against, 31, 341, 344, 345

current legal environment, 340–341

Federal Trade Commission actions, 5, 29–30, 343–344

of food and beverage products in schools, 200, 203, 206–207, 330–332, 358

government authority for, 342–343

indications for, 14–15, 381, 386

industry compliance, 182–183

industry self-regulation, 198–201, 203, 206–208, 210, 341, 355

international practice, 354–361

of marketing, 6, 14–15, 29–33, 340–341, 342–350, 354–361, 381, 386

media innovation and, 349–350, 358–359, 381

obesity-related lawsuits against food industry, 341–342

public opinion, 340

rationale, 5, 29, 32, 341, 342, 344–345, 346–347

Requests, food and beverage

for branded products, 376

diet behavior and, 270

as diet precursor, 230

distribution by product type, 102–103

earliest manifestations, 102

evidence of marketing effects on, 253–254, 256–257, 258

influence of advertising, 8, 258, 260–261, 307, 379

See also Precursors, dietary

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Research

dietary assessment methods, 50–51

ecological perspective, 26–28

goals, 23–24

on healthful diet promotion, 304

international efforts, 32–33, 300–302

on labeling to communicate nutritional content, 378

on marketing other than television, 302, 304

on marketing products other than food and beverage, 234–235

marketing research by food and

beverage industry, 135, 142–143, 190–191, 233, 376–377

on marketing to youth, 6, 23, 33–34, 380

measurement issues, 303, 304, 309

methodology, 24–28

proprietary, 7, 15, 34, 143, 377, 387

recommendations for, 15, 303–306, 309, 386–387

shortcomings of, 7, 30, 302–303, 374–375

for social marketing, 334, 339

See also Data sources;

Systematic evidence review

Restaurants

advertising spending, 164

beverage consumption patterns in, 68

brand loyalty, 104

calorie intake from, 71–72, 113, 375

consumption patterns and trends in, 113–115, 151

diet quality in, 114

neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics and, 114–115

nutrition labeling requirements for, 323–324

portion sizes, 71, 102

promotion of healthful diets in, 10, 204–205, 210–211, 374

proximity to schools, 114

recommendations for health promoting practices, 11, 382

regional variation in eating behaviors, 82

sales, 113–114, 151

See also Fast food and quick serve restaurants

Retail outlets

children’s influence on food choices, 103, 155

consumer behavior, 150, 151

consumer use of food labels, 324

food sales, 144

health promotion efforts, 205, 378

in-store product requests, 102–104

marketing strategies, 150

neighborhood characteristics, 115–116

product offerings, 146

recommendations for product displays, 11–12, 383

supermarket revenues, 150

trade promotion in, 137–138

trends, 151

Riboflavin intake

current sources, 56

regional variation, 81

trends, 54–55

Rice, 61

Rickets, 44

S

Sales promotion, 137

Salty taste, 94

Saturated fats in youth diet

associated health risks, 1–2, 43

current concerns, 2, 18

dietary recommendations and guidelines, 57, 58

economic status and, 80

family meal contents, 109

healthy and balanced diet, 45

patterns, 19, 49, 57, 58, 82

sources, 56

School Breakfast Program, 14, 78–79, 112, 121, 122, 326, 328, 386

School Meals Initiative, 322

Schools, 112–113

after-school programs, 14, 111, 386

calorie intake in, 71–72, 112

contracts for food and beverage sales, 188, 329–330

food choices in, 112–113

food programs, 14, 41, 64, 79, 111, 112, 121, 122, 327–328, 386

industry self-regulation of marketing in, 200, 203, 206–207

industry-sponsored educational materials, 190, 326

marketing practices and trends, 187–190, 377

media literacy training in, 326–327

nutrition education interventions, 322, 323, 325–326

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

promoting vegetable and fruit consumption in, 328–329

quick serve restaurant locations, 114

recommendations for health promotion practices, 13–14, 14, 385, 386

revenue from “pouring rights” contracts, 329

snack food availability and consumption, 95, 113, 329–331

standards for product marketing in, 14, 188, 330–332, 358, 361–362, 381, 385

SEMs, 190, 326

Sensory system, 92–93, 94–96.

See also Taste

Shopping malls, 155

Single-parent households, 106

Small Step program, 322, 361

Snacks and snacking

calories from, 375

children’s product requests, 102–103

in home, 105

infant and toddler diets, 75

influence of children and youth on purchasing, 155

new product introductions, 158

patterns and trends, 19, 69–70, 375

portion of calorie intake from, 69–70

possible adiposity–television viewing linkage, 284

preference factors, 95

price factors, 105, 269–270

product size, 69, 70

purchasing power of children and youth, 21–22, 154, 155

quantity consumed per eating occasion, 70–71

regional variation, 81

research needs, 305

school food choices, 113, 329–331

short-term influence of advertising, 263, 265

Social and cultural norms

body image, 117–119

children as consumers, 31

ecological perspective in outcome evaluation, 28

food behavior and, 117–119

food preferences and, 98

gender identity, 118

health promotion considerations, 119

influence of, 116–117

socialization process, 20

target markets, 140–141

Socialization. See Consumer socialization

Social marketing

applications, 332

conceptual basis, 332–333

effectiveness, 338–340, 362, 381

health promotion programs, 334–336

marketing mix, 334

outcome assessment, 339

recommendations for health promotion, 13, 384

to reduce tobacco and substance use, 337–338

research for, 334, 339

scope of program, 339

strategies and goals, 333–334, 362

target audiences, 333

Sodium intake

associated health risks, 43

biological influences, 94

current concerns, 2, 18

dietary recommendations, 60

economic status and, 79, 80

healthy and balanced diet, 45

patterns and trends, 19, 49, 55, 60–61, 82, 375

recommendations for food and beverage companies, 11, 382

Soft drink consumption

accessibility as factor in home consumption, 108

advertising intensity, 165

age-related patterns, 66

bone health and, 44

brand loyalty, 104

celebrity endorsement advertising, 175

children’s product requests, 103

demographic patterns, 67

in fast food and quick serve restaurants, 114

gender differences, 98

industry leaders, 146

industry self-regulation, 206–207

infant and toddler diets, 74

marketing expenditures, 146

marketing strategies, 140

nutrient content, 63

parental, 109

patterns and trends, 52, 53, 61, 63–64, 65, 66, 67, 375

portion size, 71

purchasing power of children and youth, 22, 154

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
×

in schools, 113, 188, 206–207

See also Added sugar intake;

Beverage consumption

Special Milk Program, 14, 386

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 41, 79, 121–122, 321

Spending

advertising and marketing, 4, 119, 146, 163–164, 377

away-from-home food, 113–114, 119, 144, 151

beverage marketing, 146

on branded products, 137

consumer trends, 144

cost factors in eating behavior, 104–105

ethnic marketing, 140

federal nutrition education and promotion, 321

food assistance programs, 121

household food expenditures, 144

measured/unmeasured media, 141–142

obesity-associated medical care, 41

online promotions, 186

portion of disposable income spent on food, 119

product placement, 192, 193

purchasing power of children and youth, 5, 21–22, 153–155, 377

retail food sales, 144

in shopping malls, 155

Sponsored educational materials, 190, 326

Sports drinks, 146, 163

Standards

current Children’s Advertising Review Unit, 378

industry self-regulation in advertising, 198–201, 210

nutrient labeling, 324, 325

for products available in schools, 14, 188, 190, 330–332, 361–362, 381, 385

recommendations for marketing practice, 11, 12, 383

for wireless marketing, 196–197

Stealth marketing, 196

Stress, 100

Stroke, diet-related risk, 1–2, 18, 43

Substance use reduction programs, 337

Sugar. See Added sugar intake;

Soft drink consumption

Summer Food Programs, 122

Supplements, dietary, 61

infant and toddler diets, 73

Surgeon General, 323

Sweden, 32–33, 354, 357–358

Sweet taste, 94, 95

Systematic evidence review

advantages, 228

analytic framework, 228–232

British study, 302

causal inference validity rating, 240–242, 243

characteristics of, 227, 306

characteristics of studies used in, 243–247, 306–307

coding of studies in, 33–34, 243

consideration of moderator effects, 293–300, 308–309

criteria for evidence inclusion, 232–237

dimensions of, 237–238

ecological validity rating, 242–243

evaluation of evidence relevance in, 239–240

findings on diet–marketing linkages, 261–272, 307, 308

findings on diet precursor–marketing linkages, 250–261, 307

findings on diet-related health–marketing linkages, 272–293, 307, 308

identification of cause and effect variables for, 238–239

interpretation methodology, 247–250

measure quality rating, 242

presentation of findings, 250

research design types for, 239

T

Target markets, 138–141

Taste

exposure to, and taste preference, 95, 97–98

genetic predisposition, 93–94

neurobiology, 92–93

youth beliefs about healthfulness and, 95–96

Tax policy, 352–354

T-commerce, 195

Teenagers

beliefs about food taste and healthfulness, 95–96

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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brand choice, 104

cost considerations in food choices, 104–105

definition, 25

food and beverage purchases, 22

health and nutrition attitudes and beliefs, 95–96, 99

influence of advertising on dietary patterns and outcomes, 8–9, 96, 258, 259, 266–267, 268–272, 279, 307, 308, 379

influence on family food purchases, 103, 155

Internet use, 177

magazine advertising for, 185–186

media use patterns, 178–179

nutritional needs, 46

population size, 139

purchasing power, 154

shopping behavior, 155

time pressures, 104

word-of-mouth marketing, 196

Television advertising

age factors moderating influence of, 294–295

children’s exposure to, 4–5, 176–177, 179–185, 234, 248–249, 272–273, 276, 308

demographic variables in health linkage, 289

entertainment industry self-regulation of youth marketing, 207–208

Federal Communications Commission regulation, 348–349

Federal Trade Commission regulation, 5, 29–30, 181, 342–344

food and beverage commercials, 22, 181, 183–184, 185

gender factors moderating influence of, 298–299

for healthful products, 377

historical development, 180

indications for legislative interventions to promote health, 14–15, 381, 386

industry and restaurant spending, 4, 165–166, 167, 169

influence on dietary intake, 8–9, 265–272, 308, 379

influence on diet precursors, 8, 251–261, 307, 379

influence on diet-related health, 9, 308, 379–380

international research and action, 301–302, 354

length of commercials, 181

nonadvertising-related television viewing

effects, 284–289, 290–292

product appeals, 169–170

product placement, 192–193

racial/ethnic factors moderating influence of, 299

regulation, 6, 14–15, 30, 32–33, 182–183, 343–344, 348–349, 354, 356, 357–358, 359–360, 361, 381, 386

research needs, 15, 386

research shortcomings, 7

short-term eating behavior and, 8, 248, 263, 265, 266–267, 308, 379

socioeconomic factors moderating influence of, 300

systematic evidence review, 233–234

trends, 4, 165–166, 167, 210, 377

See also Advertising, generally

Text messaging, 197

Thiamin intake, 54

Tobacco

advertising regulation, 29

anti-smoking campaigns, 337–338, 353

Tolerable upper intake level, 47

Toy co-branding, 174

Trade associations, 153

current efforts to promote healthful diets, 205–207

recommendations for health promoting practices, 11–12, 14, 383, 385

Trade promotion, 137–138, 166–167

Trans fats in youth diet

associated health risks, 43

current concerns, 18

family meal contents, 109

healthy and balanced diet, 45

patterns and trends, 49, 58, 82

sources, 58

Triglyceride levels, in metabolic syndrome, 43

truth® campaign, 336, 337–338

TV dinners, 162–163

Tweens

definition, 25

Internet use, 177

population size, 139

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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U

Underweight persons, 78

United Kingdom, 6, 33, 300–301, 302, 356–357, 359

V

Vegetable consumption

accessibility as factor in home consumption, 108, 271

advertising intensity, 165

away-from-home dining and, 115

branding strategies to influence, 136, 137

children’s product requests, 103

determinants of, 271

development of food preferences, 22

in family meals, 108–109

food preference factors, 97

healthy and balanced diet, 45

infant and toddler diets, 19, 74, 376

neighborhood retail outlets and, 115

nutrition knowledge and, 100

packaging innovations to encourage, 203

parental, 109

patterns and trends, 18, 19, 61–62, 63, 375

price factors, 105, 108

recommendations for government to improve access, 14, 386

regional variation, 81

school food choices and, 113

school programs to promote, 122, 328–329

social marketing programs to promote, 334–335

strategies for improving youth health, 2, 374

VERB™, 322, 335–336, 339

Video games, 193–195, 207, 276

Video news release, 191

Viral marketing, 141, 190, 196, 210

Vitamin A intake

current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56

infant and toddler diets, 73

regional variation, 81

sources, 56

trends, 54

Vitamin B6 intake

current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56

regional variation, 81

trends, 55

Vitamin B12, 54

Vitamin C intake

beverage sources, 67

current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56

dietary supplement use, 61

regional variation, 81

trends, 54–55

Vitamin D, 44, 73

Vitamin E intake

current concerns, 2, 50, 82

current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56

infant and toddler diets, 73

Vitamin supplements, 61

W

Water, bottled, 146

Water intake, 47, 74

We Can!, 322–323, 361

Whole grains intake

advertising intensity, 165

current concerns, 2, 18, 374

healthy and balanced diet, 45

packaging innovations to encourage, 203

patterns, 19, 62, 63, 375

strategies for improving youth health, 2

WIC. See Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

Wireless communications devices, 179, 196–197

World Health Assembly, 6, 32

World Health Organization, 32, 301, 354, 355

Y

Yogurt, 162

Younger children, defined, 25

Z

Zinc intake

current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56

current sources, 56

infant and toddler diets, 73

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11514.
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Creating an environment in which children in the United States grow up healthy should be a high priority for the nation. Yet the prevailing pattern of food and beverage marketing to children in America represents, at best, a missed opportunity, and at worst, a direct threat to the health prospects of the next generation. Children’s dietary and related health patterns are shaped by the interplay of many factors—their biologic affinities, their culture and values, their economic status, their physical and social environments, and their commercial media environments—all of which, apart from their genetic predispositions, have undergone significant transformations during the past three decades. Among these environments, none have more rapidly assumed central socializing roles among children and youth than the media. With the growth in the variety and the penetration of the media have come a parallel growth with their use for marketing, including the marketing of food and beverage products. What impact has food and beverage marketing had on the dietary patterns and health status of American children? The answer to this question has the potential to shape a generation and is the focus of Food Marketing to Children and Youth. This book will be of interest to parents, federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, health care professionals, industry companies, industry trade groups, media, and those involved in community and consumer advocacy.

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