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PART IV: APPENDIX D 447
D
GLOSSARY AND
ACRONYMS
AAP American Academy of Pediatrics
ACC Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Accommodation An adaptative response that allows survival, but at the
expense of some more or less serious consequences on
health or physiological function
ACE Angiotensin converting enzyme
Action Demonstrated effects in various biological systems that
may or may not have physiological significance
Acute exposure An exposure to a toxin or excess amount of a nutrient
that is short term, perhaps as short as one day or one
dose. In this report it generally refers to total exposure
(diet plus supplements) on a single day.
Adaptation Maintenance of essentially unchanged functional
capacity despite some alterations in steady-state
conditions
ADD Attention deficit disorder
Adequacy of Intake of a nutrient that meets the individual’s
nutrient intake requirement for that nutrient
ADP Adenosine diphosphate
Adverse effect Any significant alteration in the structure or function of
the human organism, or any impairment of a
physiologically important function, that could lead to
an adverse health effect
AI Adequate Intake; a category of Dietary Reference Intakes
AITD Autoimmune thyroid disease
AMDR Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
ANP Atrial natriuretic peptide
Antioxidant See Dietary Antioxidant
ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker
Association Potential interaction derived from epidemiological
studies of the relationship between a specific nutrient
and chronic disease
ASTDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
ATBC Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene (Cancer Prevention
Study)
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ATP Adenosine triphosphate
AUC Area under the curve
BEE Basal energy expenditure
Bias Used in a statistical sense, referring to a tendency of an
estimate to deviate from a true value (as by reason of
nonrandom sampling). To be unbiased, a statistic
would have an expected value equal to a population
parameter being estimated.
Bioavailability Accessibility of a nutrient to participate in unspecified
metabolic or physiological processes
BMI Body mass index
BMR Basal metabolic rate
CARET Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial
Carotenodermia Yellow discoloration of the skin with elevated plasma
carotene concentrations
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; an agency of
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
CF Cystic fibrosis
CHAOS Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study
CHD Coronary heart disease
Chronic exposure Exposure to a chemical compound such as a nutrient for
a long period of time, perhaps as long as every day for
the lifetime of an individual
CI Confidence interval
CID Cold-induced diuresis
CLAS Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study
Cluster analysis A general approach to multivariate problems, the aim of
which is to determine whether individuals fall into
groups or clusters
CoA Coenzyme A
Cr Elemental symbol for chromium
CRBP Cellular retinol binding protein
CSFII Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals; a
survey conducted periodically by the Agricultural
Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Cut-point The exact point when something stops or changes. The
EAR is used as a cut-point in the EAR cut-point
method of assessing the prevalence of inadequacy for a
group.
CV Coefficient of variation—standard deviation divided by
the square root of n, where n is the sample size
CVD Cardiovascular disease; includes heart disease and stroke
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DASH Diet Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet; a diet
rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat diary products
and reduced in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol
DASH-Sodium Trial A clinical trial that tested the effects on blood pressure of
three different sodium levels in two distinct diets
DASH Trial A clinical trial that tested the effects of different dietary
patterns on blood pressure
DDS Delayed dermal sensitivity
Deficiency An abnormal physiological condition resulting from
inadequate intake of a nutrient or multiple nutrients.
Dehydration The process of decreasing total body water; lower than
normal total body water (euhydration) (see
Hypohydration)
DEXA Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
DFE Dietary folate equivalent
DHA Docosahexaenoic acid
Dietary antioxidant A dietary antioxidant is a substance in foods that
significantly decreases the adverse effects of reactive
species, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species,
on normal physiological function in humans.
Dietary status The condition of an individual or group as a result of
food and nutrient intake. Dietary status also refers to
the sum of dietary intake measurements for an
individual or a group.
Disappearance data Data that refer to food and nutrients that disappear from
the marketplace. The term refers to food and nutrient
availability for a population that is calculated from
national or regional statistics by the inventory-style
method. Usually taken into account are the sum of
food remaining from the previous year, food imports,
and agricultural production; from this sum is
subtracted the sum of food remaining at the end of the
year, food exports, food waste, and food used for non-
food purposes. Disappearance data do not always take
account of food that does not enter commerce, such as
home food production, wild food harvests, etc.
Distribution of observed The observed dietary or nutrient intake distribution
intakes representing the variability of observed intakes in the
population of interest. For example, the distribution of
observed intakes may be obtained from dietary survey
data such as 24-hour recalls.
Distribution of The distribution reflecting the individual-to-individual
requirements variability in requirements. Variability exists because
not all individuals in a (sub) population have the same
requirements for a nutrient (even if individuals are
grouped into homogeneous classes, such as Hispanic
men aged 19 to 50 years).
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Distribution of usual The distribution of long-run average dietary or nutrient
intakes intakes of individuals in the population. The
distribution should reflect only the individual-to-
individual variability in intakes. Statistical procedures
may be used to adjust the distribution of observed
intakes by partially removing the day-to-day variability
in individual intakes, so the adjusted distribution
more closely reflects a usual intake distribution.
DLW Doubly labeled water
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
Dose–response assessment Second step in a risk assessment in which the
relationship between nutrient intake and an adverse
effect (in terms of incidence or severity of the effect) is
determined
DRI Dietary Reference Intakes
DTH Delayed-type hypersensitivity
EAR Estimated Average Requirement; a category of Dietary
Reference Intakes
EAR cut-point method A method of assessing the nutrient adequacy of groups.
It consists of assessing the proportion of individuals in
the group whose usual nutrient intakes are below the
EAR.
ECF Extracellular fluid
ECG Electrocardiogram
EEG Electroencephalogram
EEPA Energy expenditure of physical activity
EER Estimated energy requirement
EGR Erythrocyte glutathione reductase
EGRAC Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPOC Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
Error in measurement Mistake made in the observation or recording of data
Erythrocyte A red blood cell
Euhydration Normal hydration
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FASEB Federation of American Societies for Experimental
Biology
FDA Food and Drug Administration; an agency of the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services
Fe Elemental symbol for iron
FFA Free fatty acids
FFM Fat-free mass
FM Fat mass
FNB Food and Nutrition Board; a division of the Institute of
Medicine of the National Academies
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Food balance sheet See Disappearance data
Fore milk Human milk collected at the beginning of an infant
feeding
Former RDA and RNI Recommended daily dietary intake level of a nutrient
sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly
all healthy persons in a particular life stage and gender
group. These standards were last issued in the United
States in 1989 (RDA, Recommended Dietary
Allowance) and in Canada in 1990 (RNI,
Recommended Nutrient Intake).
FQ Food quotient
Function Role played by a nutrient in growth, development, and
maturation
GFR Glomerular filtration rate
Gravid Pregnant
H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide
Hazard identification First step in a risk assessment, which is concerned with
the collection, organization, and evaluation of all
information pertaining to the toxic properties of a
nutrient
HDL High density lipoprotein
Health Canada The federal department in Canada responsible for
maintaining and improving the health of Canadian
people
Hind milk Human milk collected at the end of an infant feeding
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HOPE Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation
Household Individuals sharing in the purchase, preparation, and
consumption of foods. Usually this will represent
individuals living as a family in one home, including
adults and children. A household may be the unit of
observation rather than the independent individuals
within it.
HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
HPV Human papilloma virus
HRT Hormone replacement therapy
Hyperhydration Higher than normal total body water (euhydration)
Hyperkalemia Serum potassium concentration > 5.0 mEq/L or mmol/L
Hypernatremia Serum sodium concentration > 145 mEq/L or mmol/L
Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 or diastolic blood pressure
Hypertension
≥ 90 mm Hg
Hypohydration Lower than normal total body water (euhydration) (see
Dehydration)
Hypokalemia Serum potassium concentration < 3.5 mEq/L or mmol/L
Hyponatremia Serum sodium concentration < 135 mEq/L or mmol/L
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IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICC Indian childhood cirrhosis
ICCIDD International Council for the Control of Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
ICF Intracellular fluid
ICT Idiopathic copper toxicosis
IM Intramuscular
Inadequacy of nutrient Intake of a nutrient that fails to meet the individual’s
intake requirement for that nutrient
Interindividual variability Variability from person to person
Intraindividual variability Variability within one person. The term is generally used
to refer to day-to-day variation in reported intakes,
also called the within-person variation or standard
deviation within (SDwithin).
IOM Institute of Medicine
IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety
IR Insulin receptor
IRE Iron response element
IRP Iron response proteins
IU International unit
Joint distribution Simultaneous distribution of both requirements (y-axis)
and usual intakes (x-axis) for a single nutrient by
individuals within a population or group
Kashin-Beck disease Human cartilage disease found in some of the low-
selenium intake areas in Asia
Keshan disease Human cardiomyopathy that occurs only in selenium-
deficient children
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian A person who consumes milk (lacto), eggs (ovo), and
plant foods and products, but no meat or fish
LBM Lean body mass
LCAT Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase
LDL Low-density lipoprotein
Likelihood Probability
LMWCr Low molecular weight chromium-binding substance
LOAEL Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level; the lowest intake
(or experimental dose) of a nutrient at which an
adverse effect has been identified
LPL Lipoprotein lipase
LSRO Life Sciences Research Office
Lycopenodermia Deep orange discoloration of the skin resulting from high
intakes of lycopene-rich food
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MAP Mean arterial pressure; diastolic pressure times 2 plus
systolic pressure over 3; the average pressure during a
cardiac cycle
MCH Mean corpuscular hemoglobin—the amount of
hemoglobin in erythrocytes (red blood cells)
MCL Maximum contaminant level; a level set by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency for environmental
contaminants
MCV Mean corpuscular volume—the volume of the average
erythrocyte
Mean intake Average intake of a particular nutrient or food for a
group or population of individuals. Also average
intake of a nutrient or food over two or more days for
an individual.
Mean requirement Average requirement of a particular nutrient for a group
or population of individuals.
MET Metabolic equivalent—a rate of energy expenditure
sustained by a rate of oxygen consumption of
3.5 mL/kg of body weight/min
MHC Major histocompatibility complex
MI Myocardial infarction
Mn Elemental symbol for manganese
MPOD Macular pigment optical density
MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acid
MVP Mitral valve prolapse
NAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride; a coenzyme
NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NAS National Academy of Sciences
NE Niacin equivalent
NEC Necrotizing enterocolitis
NFCS Nationwide Food Consumption Survey; a food
consumption survey conducted through 1965 by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture
NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; a
survey conducted periodically by the National Center
for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
NHIS National Health Interview Survey
NO Nitric oxide
NOAEL No-observed-adverse-effect level; the highest intake (or
experimental dose) of a nutrient at which no adverse
effect has been observed
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Normal distribution In the statistical sense, refers to a specific type of
distribution of the values for a parameter within a
group or population. The distribution is symmetrical
and the mean ± 2 standard deviations will encompass
the parameter for 95 percent of the individuals in the
group.
NRC National Research Council
NTD Neural tube defect
Nutrient requirement The lowest continuing intake level of a nutrient that will
maintain a defined level of nutriture in a healthy
individual; also called individual requirement
Nutritional status Condition of an individual or group resulting from
nutrient intake and utilization of a nutrient at the
tissue level
ORAC Oxygen radical absorbance capacity
OTA Office of Technology Assessment
Oxidative stress Imbalance between the production of various reactive
species and the ability of the organism’s natural
protective mechanisms to cope with these reactive
compounds and prevent adverse effects
OxLDL Oxidized low density lipoprotein
PAI Physical activity index
PAL Physical activity level
3¢-Phosphoadenosine-5¢-phosphosulfate
PAPS
Phylloquinone Plant form of vitamin K and a major form of this vitamin
in the human diet
PHS Physicians’ Health Study
PL Pyridoxal
PLP Pyridoxal phosphate
PM Pyridoxamine
PMP Pyridoxamine phosphate
PN Pyridoxine
PNP Pyridoxine phosphate
Population A large group; in this report, a large group of people
Prevalence The percentage of a defined population that is affected by
a specific condition at the same time
Prevalence of inadequate The percentage of a population that has intakes below
intakes requirements
Probability approach A method of assessing the nutrient adequacy of groups.
It uses the distribution of usual intakes and the
distribution of requirements to estimate the prevalence
of inadequate intakes in a group. Also known as the
NRC approach.
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Probability of inadequacy Outcome of a calculation that compares an individual’s
usual intake to the distribution of requirements for
persons of the same life stage and gender to determine
the probability that the individual’s intake does not
meet his or her requirement.
a-Carotene, b-carotene, and b-cryptoxanthin
Provitamin A carotenoids
Psychogenic polydipsia The excessive consumption of fluid, especially water,
among chronic psychiatric patients, particularly those
with schizophrenia
PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acid
RAR Retinoic acid receptor
RBC Red blood cell
RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance; a category of Dietary
Reference Intakes
RE Retinol equivalent
REE Resting Energy Expenditure
Requirement The lowest continuing intake level of a nutrient that will
maintain a defined level of nutriture in a healthy
individual
Rhabdomyolysis Injury to skeletal muscle tissue that results in the
destruction of skeletal muscle cells and allows for the
escape of cellular contents into the extracellular fluid,
leading to renal failure and compartment syndromes
Risk The probability or likelihood that some unwanted effect
will occur; in this report, refers to an unwanted effect
from too small or too large an intake of a nutrient
Risk assessment The organized framework for evaluating scientific
information that has as its objective a characterization
of the nature and likelihood of harm resulting from
excess human exposure to an environmental agent (in
this case, a nutrient); it includes the development of
both qualitative and quantitative expressions of risk
Risk characterization The final step in a risk assessment, which summarizes
the conclusions from steps 1 through 3 of the
assessment (hazard identification, dose response, and
estimate of exposure) and evaluates the risk; this step
also includes a characterization of the degree of
scientific confidence that can be placed in the
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Risk curve Used to demonstrate inadequacy or excess of a particular
nutrient. As defined in the usual statistical sense, a risk
curve is in contrast to the concept of probability curve.
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Risk management Process by which risk assessment results are integrated
with other information to make decisions about the
need for, method of, and extent of risk reduction; in
addition, it considers such issues as the public health
significance of the risk, the technical feasibility of
achieving various degrees of risk control, and the
economic and social costs of this control
Risk of excess In relation to the DRIs, the likelihood that an individual
will exceed the UL for a particular nutrient
Risk of exposure In the toxicological sense, the likelihood that individuals
will experience contact with a toxin (or consume
levels of a nutrient above the UL)
Risk of inadequacy The likelihood that an individual will have usual intake
of a particular nutrient that is less than the individual’s
requirement
RMR Resting metabolic rate
RNA Ribonucleic acid
RNI Recommended Nutrient Intake
RNS Reactive nitrogen species
ROS Reactive oxygen species
RQ Respiratory quotient
RXR Retinoid X receptor
Salt sensitivity The extent of blood pressure change in response to a
reduction in salt intake; the term “salt-sensitive blood
pressure” applies to those individuals or subgroups
who experience the greatest reduction in blood
pressure from a given reduction in salt intake
SD Standard deviation
SDA Specific dynamic action
SE Standard error
Selenite and selenate Inorganic selenium, the forms found in many dietary
supplements
Selenomethionine Major dietary forms of selenium
and selenocysteine
Selenosis Selenium toxicity characterized by hair loss and nail
sloughing
SEM Standard error of the mean
Sensitivity analysis Technique of varying the implicit assumptions or
presumed conditions of an analysis approach to see
how much this affects the overall outcome
SHRSP Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (inbred strain
of rats)
Skewed distribution A distribution that is not symmetrical around its mean.
For example, a skewed distribution can have a long
tail to the right (right-skewed distribution) or to the
left (left-skewed distribution).
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SMR Sleeping metabolic rate
SOD Superoxide dismutase
sTfR Soluble transferrin receptor
Symmetrical distribution A distribution that has the same number of values
(observations) above and below the mean and has
equal proportions of these values around the mean
TBW Total body water
TDS Total Diet Study; a study conducted by the Food and
Drug Administration
a-TE a-Tocopherol equivalent
TEE Total energy expenditure
TEF Thermic effect of food
Threshold The point in a dose–response curve that is accepted as
the point beyond which a risk of adverse effects occurs
TIBC Total iron binding capacity
TMA Trimethylamine
a-Tocopherol The only form of vitamin E that is maintained in human
plasma and thus it is the only form utilized to estimate
the vitamin E requirement
Total water Includes drinking water, water in beverages, and water
that is part of food
Toxicity An adverse condition relating to or caused by a toxin
TPN Total parenteral nutrition
TPP Thiamin pyrophosphate
TRH Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
True prevalence The actual prevalence of a condition assuming no error
in measurement of either requirements or intakes that
would result in false negative or false positive
classifications
TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone, also known as thyrotropin
a-TTP a-Tocopherol transfer protein
UF Uncertainty factor; the number by which the NOAEL (or
LOAEL) is divided to obtain the Tolerable Upper
Intake Level; the size of the UF varies depending on
the confidence in the data and the nature of the
adverse effect
UL Tolerable Upper Intake Level; a category of Dietary
Reference Intakes
Unit of observation The level of aggregation at which data are collected. For
example, the unit of observation for dietary
assessment may be the individual, the household, or
the population
Univariate distribution The distribution of a single variable
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USP U.S. Pharmacopeia
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Usual intake The long-run average intake of food, nutrients, or a
specific nutrient for an individual
Variance of usual intakes In the statistical sense, reflects the spread of the
or requirements distribution of usual intakes or requirements on both
sides of the mean intake or requirement. When the
variance of a distribution is low, the likelihood of
seeing values that are far away from the mean is low;
in contrast, when the variance is large, the likelihood
of seeing values that are far away from the mean is
high. For usual intakes and requirements, variance
reflects the person-to-person variability in the group.
The 2R-stereoisomeric forms of a-tocopherol (RRR-,
Vitamin E
RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-a-tocopherol)
VLDL Very low density lipoprotein
WHO World Health Organization
