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OCR for page 474
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
474
G
IRON INTAKES AND
ESTIMATED PERCENTILES
OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF
IRON REQUIREMENTS FROM
THE CONTINUING SURVEY
OF FOOD INTAKES BY
INDIVIDUALS (CSFII),
1994–1996
OCR for page 475
PART IV: APPENDIX G 475
TABLE G-1 Iron Content of Foods Consumed by Infants 7 to 12 Months of
Age, CSFII, 1994–1996
Estimate Weighted
of Iron Mean
Iron Content Absorption Amount Absorbed Absorption
of Irona (%)b
Foods (mg/100 kcal) (%) (mg)
Human breast milkc 0.04 50 0.18 0.09 0.65
Meat and poultry 1.2 20 0.36 0.07 0.52
Fruits 0.4 5 0.27 0.13 0.10
Vegetables 1.2 5 0.56 0.03 0.20
Cerealsd 8.75 6 12.1 0.73 5.24
Noodles 0.6 5 0.38 0.02 0.14
Total 13.85 1.07 6.85
a Based on a total daily energy intake of 845 kcal.
b Calculation based on the proportion of iron in each of the six food groups.
c Assumes an intake of 670 mL/day.
d Refers to iron-fortified infant cereals containing 35 mg iron/100 g of dry cereal.
OCR for page 476
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
476
TABLE G-2 Contribution of Iron from the 14 Food Groups for
Children Aged 1 to 3 and 4 to 8 Years, CSFII, 1994–1996
Iron Content Amount of Iron Amount of Iron
(mg/100 kcal)a (mg) 1–3 yb (mg) 4–8 yc
Food Group
Meat 1.19 1.57 2.17
Fruits 0.36 0.23 0.25
Vegetables 1.22 1.14 1.87
Cereals 2.65 8.64 11.98
Vegetables plus meat 0.7 0.17 0.18
Grain plus meat 0.78 1.12 1.53
Cheese 0.15 0.04 0.05
Eggs 0.9 0.22 0.19
Ice cream, yogurt, etc. 0.13 0.06 0.01
Fats, candy 0.05 0.03 0.05
Milk 0.08 0.18 0.15
Formula 1.8 0.18 0.00
Juices 0.44 0.34 0.22
Other beverages 0.11 0.07 0.12
Total 14.27 18.77
a Source: Whitney EN, Rolfes SR. 1996. Understanding Nutrition, 7th ed. St. Paul: West
Publishing; Pennington JAT. 1998. Bowes and Church’s Food Values of Portions Commonly
Used, 17th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott
b The CSFII database provides total food energy (average of 2 days) and the proportion of
energy from each of 14 food groups. The iron content of each food was determined from
appropriate references (expressed as iron content per 100 kcal), thus the iron content of
each food was calculated. The results are based on a total daily energy intake of 1,345 kcal
(n = 1,868) as reported in CSFII.
c Calculated as shown above. Based on a total daily energy intake of 1,665 kcal (n =
1,711) as reported in CSFII. According to the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey, the median intake of iron by infants is 15.5 mg/day; the iron mainly comes from
fortified formulas and cereals, with smaller amounts from vegetables, pureed meats, and
poultry. It is estimated that the absorption of iron from fortified cereals is in the range of 6
percent, from breast milk 50 percent, and from meat 20 percent.
OCR for page 477
PART IV: APPENDIX G 477
TABLE G-3 Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron
Requirements (mg/d) in Young Children and Adolescent and Adult
Males, CSFII, 1994–1996
Young Children, Both Sexesa
Estimated Male Adolescents and Adults
Percentile of
0.5–1 yb 1–3 yc 4–8 yc 9–13 yc 14–18 yc Adultc
Requirements
2.5 3.01 1.01 1.33 3.91 5.06 3.98
5 3.63 1.24 1.64 4.23 5.42 4.29
10 4.35 1.54 2.05 4.59 5.85 4.64
20 5.23 1.96 2.63 5.03 6.43 5.09
30 5.87 2.32 3.13 5.36 6.89 5.44
40 6.39 2.66 3.62 5.64 7.29 5.74
50d 6.90 3.01 4.11 5.89 7.69 6.03
60 7.41 3.39 4.65 6.15 8.08 6.32
70 7.93 3.82 5.27 6.43 8.51 6.65
80 8.57 4.39 6.08 6.76 9.03 7.04
90 9.44 5.26 7.31 7.21 9.74 7.69
95 10.15 6.06 8.45 7.58 10.32 8.06
97.5e 10.78 6.81 9.52 7.91 10.83 8.49
a Based on pooled estimates of requirement components; presented Estimated Average
Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) based on the higher estimates
obtained for males.
b Based on 10 percent bioavailability.
c Based on 18 percent bioavailability.
d Fiftieth percentile = EAR.
e Ninety-seven and one-half percentile = RDA.
OCR for page 478
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
478
TABLE G-4 Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements
(mg/d) for Female Adolescents and Adults, CSFII, 1994–1996
Oral
Estimated Percentile Contraceptive
User,a Adolescent
of Requirement 9–13 y 14–18 y
2.5 3.24 4.63 4.11
5 3.60 5.06 4.49
10 4.04 5.61 4.97
20 4.59 6.31 5.57
30 4.98 6.87 6.05
40 5.33 7.39 6.48
50c 5.66 7.91 6.89
60 6.00 8.43 7.34
70 6.36 9.15 7.84
80 6.78 10.03 8.47
90 7.38 11.54 9.47
95 7.88 13.08 10.42
97.5d 8.34 14.80 11.44
a Based on 60 percent reduction in menstrual blood loss.
b Mixed population assumes 17 percent oral contraceptive users, 83 percent nonusers, all menstruating.
c Fiftieth percentile = Estimated Average Requirement.
d Ninety-seven and one-half percentile = Recommended Dietary Allowance.
OCR for page 479
PART IV: APPENDIX G 479
Mixed Oral Mixed
Adolescent Menstruating Contraceptive Adult Post
Populationb User,a Adult Populationb
Adult Menopause
4.49 4.42 3.63 4.18 2.73
4.92 4.88 4.00 4.63 3.04
5.45 5.45 4.45 5.19 3.43
6.14 6.22 5.06 5.94 3.93
6.69 6.87 5.52 6.55 4.30
7.21 7.46 5.94 7.13 4.64
7.71 8.07 6.35 7.73 4.97
8.25 8.76 6.79 8.39 5.30
8.92 9.63 7.27 9.21 5.68
9.77 10.82 7.91 10.36 6.14
11.21 13.05 8.91 12.49 6.80
12.74 15.49 9.90 14.85 7.36
14.39 18.23 10.94 17.51 7.88
OCR for page 480
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
480
TABLE G-5 Probabilities of Inadequate Iron Intakesa and
Associated Ranges of Usual Intake for Infants and Children
1 through 8 Years, CSFII, 1994–1996
Associated Range of Usual Intakes (mg/d)
Probability of
Inadequacy Infants 8–12 mo Children 1–3 y Children 4–8 y
1.0b < 3.01 < 1.0 < 1.33
0.96 3.02–3.63 1.1–1.24 1.34–1.64
0.93 3.64–4.35 1.25–1.54 1.65–2.05
0.85 4.36–5.23 1.55–1.96 2.07–2.63
0.75 5.24–5.87 1.97–2.32 2.64–3.13
0.65 5.88–6.39 2.33–2.66 3.14–3.62
0.55 6.40–6.90 2.67–3.01 3.63–4.11
0.45 6.91–7.41 3.02–3.39 4.12–4.64
0.35 7.42–7.93 3.40–3.82 4.65–5.27
0.25 7.94–8.57 3.83–4.38 5.28–6.08
0.15 8.58–9.44 4.39–5.25 6.09–7.31
0.08 9.45–10.17 5.26–6.06 7.32–8.45
0.04 10.18–10.78 6.07–6.81 8.46–9.52
0b > 10.78 > 6.81 > 9.52
a Probability of inadequate intake = probability that requirement is greater than the usual
intake. Derived from Table G-3.
b For population assessment purposes, a probability of 1 has been assigned to all usual
intakes falling below the two and one-half percentile of requirement and a probability of 0 has
been assigned to all usual intakes falling above the ninety-seven and one-half percentile of
requirement. This enables the assessment of population risk where precise estimates are
impractical and effectively without impact.
OCR for page 481
PART IV: APPENDIX G 481
TABLE G-6 FOLLOWS
OCR for page 482
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
482
TABLE G-6 Probabilities of Inadequate Iron Intakesa (mg/d) and
Associated Ranges of Usual Intake in Adolescent Males and in
Girls Using or Not Using Oral Contraceptives (OC), CSFII,
1994–1996
9–13 y
Probability of
Inadequacy Male Female
1.0d < 3.91 < 3.24
0.96 3.91–4.23 3.24–3.60
0.93 4.24–4.59 3.61–4.04
0.85 4.60–5.03 4.05–4.59
0.75 5.04–5.36 4.60–4.98
0.65 5.37–5.64 4.99–5.33
0.55 5.65–5.89 5.34–5.66
0.45 5.90–6.15 5.67–6.00
0.35 6.16–6.43 6.01–6.36
0.25 6.44–6.76 6.37–6.78
0.15 6.77–7.21 6.79–7.38
0.08 7.22–7.58 7.39–7.88
0.04 7.59–7.91 7.89–8.34
0d > 7.91 > 8.34
a Probability of inadequate intake = probability that requirement is greater than the usual
intake. May be used in simple computer programs to evaluate adjusted distributions of
usual intakes. See Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in
Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, for method of adjusting
observed intake distributions. Not to be applied in the assessment of individuals. Derived
from Tables G-3 and G-4.
b Assumes 60 percent reduction in menstrual iron loss.
c Mixed population represents 17 percent oral contraceptive users and 83 percent nonoral
contraceptive users.
d For population assessment purposes, a probability of 1 has been assigned to all usual
intakes falling below the two and one-half percentile of requirement and a probability of 0 has
been assigned to all usual intakes falling above the ninety-seven and one-half percentile of
requirement. This enables the assessment of population risk where precise estimates are
impractical and effectively without impact.
OCR for page 483
PART IV: APPENDIX G 483
14–18 y
Female
OC Usersb Mixed Populationc
Male Non-OC Users
< 5.06 < 4.63 < 4.11 < 4.49
5.06–5.42 4.64–5.06 4.11–4.49 4.49–4.92
5.43–5.85 5.07–5.61 4.50–4.97 4.93–5.45
5.86–6.43 5.62–6.31 4.98–5.57 5.46–6.14
6.44–6.89 6.32–6.87 5.58–6.05 6.15–6.69
6.90–7.29 6.88–7.39 6.06–6.48 6.70–7.21
7.30–7.69 7.40–7.91 6.49–6.89 7.22–7.71
7.70–8.08 7.92–8.48 6.90–7.34 7.72–8.25
8.09–8.51 8.49–9.15 7.35–7.84 8.26–8.92
8.52–9.03 9.16–10.03 7.85–8.47 8.93–9.77
9.04–9.74 10.04–11.54 8.48–9.47 9.78–11.21
9.75–10.32 11.55–13.08 9.48–10.42 11.22–12.74
10.33–10.83 13.09–14.80 10.43–11.44 12.75–14.39
> 10.83 > 14.80 > 11.44 > 14.39
OCR for page 484
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
484
TABLE G-7 Probabilities of Inadequate Iron Intakesa (mg/d) and Associated
Ranges of Usual Intake in Adult Men and Women Using and Not Using Oral
Contraceptives (OC) , CSFII, 1994–1996
Menstruating Women
Probability of Adult Non-OC Mixed Postmenopausal
OC Usersb Populationc
Inadequacy Men Users Women
1.0d < 3.98 < 4.42 < 3.63 < 4.18 < 2.73
0.96 3.98–4.29 4.42–4.88 3.63–4.00 4.18–4.63 2.73–3.04
0.93 4.30–4.64 4.89–5.45 4.01–4.45 4.64–5.19 3.05–3.43
0.85 4.65–5.09 5.46–6.22 4.46–5.06 5.20–5.94 3.44–3.93
0.75 5.10–5.44 6.23–6.87 5.07–5.52 5.95–6.55 3.94–4.30
0.65 5.45–5.74 6.88–7.46 5.53–5.94 6.56–7.13 4.31–4.64
0.55 5.75–6.03 7.47–8.07 5.95–6.35 7.14–7.73 4.65–4.97
0.45 6.04–6.32 8.08–8.76 6.36–6.79 7.74–8.39 4.98–5.30
0.35 6.33–6.65 8.77–9.63 6.80–7.27 8.40–9.21 5.31–5.68
0.25 6.66–7.04 9.64–10.82 7.28–7.91 9.22–10.36 5.69–6.14
0.15 7.05–7.69 10.83–13.05 7.92–8.91 10.37–12.49 6.15–6.80
0.08 7.70–8.06 13.06–15.49 8.92–9.90 12.50–14.85 6.81–7.36
0.04 8.07–8.49 15.50–18.23 9.91–10.94 14.86–17.51 7.37–7.88
0d > 8.49 > 18.23 > 10.94 > 17.51 > 7.88
a Probability of inadequate intake = probability that requirement is greater than the usual intake. May be
used in simple computer programs to evaluate adjusted distributions of usual intakes. See Institute of Medicine.
2000. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy
Press, for method of adjusting observed intake distributions. Not to be applied in the assessment of individuals.
Derived from Tables G-3 and G-4.
b Assumes 60 percent reduction in menstrual iron loss.
c Mixed population represents 17 percent oral contraceptive users and 83 percent nonoral contraceptive
users.
d For population assessment purposes, a probability of 1 has been assigned to all usual intakes falling
below the two and one-half percentile of requirement and a probability of 0 has been assigned to all usual
intakes falling above the ninety-seven and one-half percentile of requirement. This enables the assessment
of population risk where precise estimates are impractical and effectively without impact.
