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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11557.
×

GUIDELINES FOR THE HUMANE TRANSPORTATION OF RESEARCH ANIMALS

Committee on Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Laboratory Animals

Institute for Laboratory Animal Research

Division on Earth and Life Studies

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11557.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS,

500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by the Elizabeth R. Griffin Research Foundation, the National Center for Infectious Disease, and Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, Task Order 118 between the National Institutes of Health and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Institutes of Health, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US government.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Guidelines for the humane transportation of research animals / Committee on Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Laboratory Animals, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Division on Earth and Life Studies.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-309-10110-7 (pbk.)

1. Laboratory animals—Transportation. I. Institute for Laboratory

Animal Research (U.S.). Committee on Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Laboratory Animals.

[DNLM: 1. Animals, Laboratory—Guideline. 2. Transportation—standards—Guideline. 3. Animal Welfare—standards—Guideline. 4. Laboratory Animal Science—standards—Guideline. 5. Safety Management—standards—Guideline. QY 52 G946 2006]

SF406.7.G85 2006

636.088′5—dc22

2006010872

ISBN 0-309-65724-5 (PDF)

Additional copies of this report are available from the

National Academies Press,

500 Fifth Street, NW, Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu

Disclaimer:

The Internet information and government forms referenced in this report were correct, to the best of our knowledge, at the time of publication. It is important to remember, however, the dynamic nature of the Internet. Resources that are free and publicly available one day may require a fee or restrict access the next, and the location of items may change as menus and homepages are reorganized.

Copyright 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11557.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

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This report is respectfully dedicated to the memory of

CHARLES KEAN

March 25, 1942 – June 25, 2004

who dedicated his life to the care of humans and animals alike

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COMMITTEE ON GUIDELINES FOR THE HUMANE TRANSPORTATION OF LABORATORY ANIMALS

Ransom L. Baldwin (Chair),

University of California, Davis, California

Chandra R. Bhat,

University of Texas, Austin, Texas

Donald H. Bouyer,

University of Texas, Galveston, Texas

Firdaus S. Dhabhar,

Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California

Steven L. Leary,

Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri

John J. McGlone,

Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas

Eric Raemdonck,

International Air Transport Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Jennie L. Smith,

Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

Janice C. Swanson,

Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas

Staff

Jennifer Obernier, Study Director

Marsha Barrett, Project Assistant

Kathleen Beil, Administrative Assistant

Kori Brabham, Intern

Norman Grossblatt, Senior Editor

Johnny Hernandez, Intern

John Horigan, Fellow

Susan Vaupel, Editor

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INSTITUTE FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

Stephen W. Barthold (Chair),

University of California, Center for Comparative Medicine, Davis, California

William C. Campbell,

Drew University, Madison, New Jersey

Jeffrey I. Everitt,

GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Comparative Medicine and Investigator Support, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

Michael F. Festing,

Leicestershire, United Kingdom

James G. Fox,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Division of Comparative Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Estelle B. Gauda,

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland

Janet Gonder Garber,

Pinehurst, North Carolina

Coenraad F.M. Hendriksen,

Netherlands Vaccine Institute, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Jon H. Kaas,

Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Jay R. Kaplan,

Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Joseph W. Kemnitz,

University of Wisconsin, Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin

Leticia V. Medina,

Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois

Abigail L. Smith,

University of Pennsylvania, University Laboratory Animal Resources, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Stephen A. Smith,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia

Peter Theran,

Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts

Staff

Joanne Zurlo, Director

Kathleen Beil, Administrative Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11557.
×

Preface

This project was initiated in response to a letter from Charles Kean, an Associate Professor of Physiology and Pharmacology and Director of the Animal Care Facility at Loma Linda University, to the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR), the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) International, and the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) outlining the research animal care community’s concerns about the safe and humane transportation of research animals. Dr. Kean requested that those organizations look into the transportation of research animals and into issues that were adversely affecting animal welfare. In response, ILAR hosted a meeting of various stakeholders to identify and discuss important issues in the transportation of research animals. The meeting was funded by NIH and included representatives of the scientific community, professional veterinary organizations, regulatory and accrediting agencies, animal breeders, and the transportation industry. Special thanks are due to the following for participating in the meeting, which took place December 4, 2001:

Kathryn Bayne, AAALAC International

Frank Black, Air Transportation Association of America, Inc.

Ralph Dell, ILAR

Nelson Garnett, OLAW

James Geistfeld, Taconic Farms, Inc.

Charles Kean, Loma Linda University

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11557.
×

Carl Kole, United Airlines

J. Michael Krop, US Postal Service

Steven Leary, Washington University

Emilie Rissman, University of Virginia

Robert Russell, Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc.

James Taylor, Office of Animal Care and Use, NIH

Richard Watkins, US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

William White, Charles River Laboratories

The meeting delineated the problems encountered during and resulting from air and ground transportation of live animals. The participants also focused on mechanisms to solve the problems, including the potential for a future ILAR study. As a result of this meeting, the Elizabeth R. Griffin Research Foundation, NIH, and the National Center for Infectious Diseases sponsored an ILAR committee to address problems associated with transportation of research animals and produce a report that includes recommendations intended for government agencies as well as for individual investigators/animal facility managers who may need to ship animals in the future.

Transportation of research animals may raise concerns related to the well-being of the animals and concerns about how animals are affected by general environmental conditions. These concerns often depend on the species being transported. Shipments from breeders to research institutions are generally well executed through the use of company-owned fleets of environmentally controlled vehicles, but arranging transport from vendors without established transport systems, or between research institutions, can be challenging. Animals may be shipped in vehicles without controlled environments and could be subjected to extreme temperatures. Specific requests for temperature-controlled vehicles may not be honored because the shipper may not have temperature-controlled vehicles available or the request may not have been passed on to a subcontractor hired by the shipper to transport the animals. The USDA has regulatory jurisdiction and inspection authority over transportation of animals through the Animal Welfare Act. However, most animals shipped are rats and mice, which are not covered under the act. The Public Health Service, whose oversight does include those species, does not inspect research animal transportation activities unless a complaint is filed.

The major problem in transporting nonhuman primates is that few airlines are willing to carry the animals. International shipment, the most common transportation of nonhuman primates, is often delayed by a cumbersome, multiagency permitting process involving the USDA Vet-

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11557.
×

erinary Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Department of Transportation (DOT). Airlines have little incentive to carry the animals because it is not profitable and workers must wear protective clothing when handling them. The latter is disturbing both for workers and for travelers who see them. Finally, many animal rights activists have successfully lobbied the airlines to stop transporting nonhuman primates nationally and internationally.

Transportation of research animals is an essential component of the research enterprise. The integrity and well-being of the animals being transported are necessary for the quality of the research and the welfare of the animals. The lack of clear guidelines that cover all species can cause confusion for individuals without extensive experience in arranging transportation for research animals. In addition, investigators may find it difficult to identify a responsible shipper that will arrange for appropriate caging, inclusion of food and water, and other animal needs during transportation.

In the aftermath of the bioterror incidents involving anthrax in the fall of 2001, the possibility that research animals will be used to carry or disseminate bioterrorism agents must be considered. Breaches in good transportation practices, either purposeful or accidental, could result in the spread of infectious agents. In addition, new legislation (such as the Animal Health Protection Act of 2002) and several guidelines related to homeland security have the potential to complicate the importing, exporting, and transportation of animals and specimens for biomedical research.

The issues identified in the preceding statements led to appointment of the ILAR Committee on Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Laboratory Animals. The committee held three meetings—in April, September, and December 2004. During the course of its deliberations, the committee sought assistance from many people, who gave generously of their time to provide valuable advice and information that were used in its deliberations. Special thanks are due to the following:

Richard Phelan, Taconic Farms, Inc.

Bonnie P. Dalton, Science Directorate, Ames Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Gale Galland, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Infectious Diseases

Frank Kohn, FWS

John Monetti, World Courier

Erik Liebegott, Transportech, LLC

Robert Fernandez, Direct Services

William White, Charles River Laboratories

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11557.
×

Carol Wigglesworth, OLAW

Bobby Brown, CDC

Carl Kole, Special Cargos, United Airlines

Charles Kean, Animal Research Facility, Loma Linda University

Barbara Kohn, Office of Animal Care, USDA

Eileen Edmonson, Office of Hazardous Materials Safety, DOT

The report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspective and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of the report:

Susan Eicher, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

Steven Griffey, University of California, Davis, CA

Kathleen Hancock, Virginia Polytechnic University, Alexandria, VA

Barbara Hansen, All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL

Donald Lay, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

Tim Morris, GlaxoSmithKline, United Kingdom

William Morton, Paris NHP, Edmonds, WA

Barbara Orlans, Georgetown University, Washington, DC

Frankie Trull, National Association for Biomedical Research, Washington, DC

William White, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA

Walter Woolf, Air Animal, Tampa, FL

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of the report was overseen by:

Johanna Dwyer, Tufts University, Boston, MA

Steven Pakes, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX

Appointed by the NRC, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of the report was carried out in accordance

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×

with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of the report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Ransom L. Baldwin, Chair

Committee on Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Laboratory Animals

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Tables and Figures

TABLE 1-1

 

Checklist of Issues to Consider When Arranging Transportation Between Research Facilities

 

10

TABLE 2-1

 

Federal Statutes/Programs Relevant to the Transportation of Vertebrate Research Animals and Products in the United States

 

12

TABLE 2-2

 

Designated Port for Importation or Exportation of Wildlife or Derivatives

 

16

TABLE 2-3

 

Endangered Species Act Listed Species of Nonhuman Primates

 

17

TABLE 2-4

 

Permitting Requirements Under CITES

 

25

TABLE 2-5

 

CITES Listed Species of Nonhuman Primates

 

26

TABLE 2-6

 

Checklist of Research Animal Regulations and Guidelines

 

31

TABLE 3-1

 

Thermoregulation Data on Common Research Animal Species

 

40

FIGURE 3-1

 

Graph representing relationship between metabolic rate and ambient temperature in homeotherms.

 

42

FIGURE 3-2

 

Changes in thermoneutral zone (range of ambient temperatures at which an animal’s heat production is at a minimum) with age and size in chickens.

 

43

FIGURE 3-3

 

TNZ of various agricultural animals.

 

44

TABLE 3-2

 

Ambient Temperature Ranges for Safe Transportation of Common Adult Research Animals

 

48

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TABLE 3-3

 

Effects of Various Factors on Effective Environmental Temperature and Relative Risk to Animal Health and Welfare

 

49

TABLE 3-4

 

Behavioral and Physiological Signs of Thermal Status

 

52

TABLE 3-5

 

Space Allowances for Group-Transported Animals

 

55

FIGURE 3-4

 

Space allowances during transportation.

 

57

TABLE 4-1

 

Agents and Toxins That Require Registration of the Facility with CDC

 

67

TABLE 4-2

 

Elements of an Emergency Plan

 

68

TABLE 4-3

 

Characteristics of a Good Shipper

 

68

TABLE 4-4

 

Examples of Zoonotic Diseases Transmissible from Research Animals to Humans

 

69

TABLE 4-5

 

Infectious Agents and the Susceptible Species of Research Animals

 

72

TABLE 4-6

 

Recommendations for Shipment of Research Animals Between Institutions

 

76

FIGURE 5-1

 

Locations of research facilities using nonhuman primates, major importation sites, and vendors of nonhuman primates in the United States.

 

83

FIGURE B-1

 

Candidate set for the facility-location problem.

 

121

FIGURE B-2

 

Solution set for the facility location problem for the NIH grants data set (rodents).

 

122

TABLE B-1

 

Total Weighted-System Travel-Distance Reduction with Increase in Supply Points for NIH Grants Data Set (Rodents)

 

123

TABLE B-2

 

Total Weighted-System Travel-Distance Reduction with Increase in Supply Points for USDA Cats Data Set

 

123

FIGURE B-3

 

Solution set for the facility location problem for the USDA cats data set.

 

124

FIGURE B-4

 

Solution set for the facility location problem for the USDA dogs data set.

 

125

TABLE B-3

 

Total Weighted-System Travel-Distance Reduction with Increase in Supply Points for USDA Dogs Data Set

 

126

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11557.
×

Abbreviations and Acronyms


AAALAC Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International

AATA Animal Transportation Association

APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

AVMA American Veterinary Medical Association

AWA Animal Welfare Act


BMBL Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories


CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora


DGMQ Division on Global Migration and Quarantine

DRGs Dangerous Goods Regulations

DOT Department of Transportation


EAIPP Etiologic Agent Import Permit Program

EDIM Group A rotavirus

ESA Endangered Species Act

EU European Union


FASS Federation of Animal Science Societies

FDA Food and Drug Administration

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11557.
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FY fiscal year

FWS Fish and Wildlife Service


GD-VII Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus strain

GIS Geographic Information System


HANT Hantaan

HEPA high-efficiency particulate air (filters)

HMR Hazardous Materials Regulation

HPA hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis


IATA International Air Transport Association

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ILAR Institute for Laboratory Animal Research


KRV Kilham Rat virus


LARS Live Animals Regulations

LCM Lymphocytic choriomeningitis

LCMV Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

LCT lower critical temperature


MAD Mouse adenovirus

MCMV Murine cytomegalovirus

MHV Mouse hepatitis virus

MPV (OPV) Mouse parvovirus (Orphan parvovirus)

MTLV Mouse thymic virus

MVM Minute virus of mice


NAP National Academies Press

NCRR National Center for Research Resources

NIH National Institutes of Health

NPRC National Primate Research Center

NRC National Research Council


OIE Office International des Épizooties

OLAW Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare


PhRMA Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America

PHS Public Health Service

PPE personal protective equipment

PVM pneumonia virus of mice

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11557.
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REO 3 Reovirus type 3

RHD Rabbit haemorrhagic disease

RPV (OPV) Rat parvovirus (Orphan parvovirus)

RRV Ross River virus


SARS Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome

SDA/RCV Sialodacryoadentitis virus/Rat corona virus

SIV Simian immunodeficiency virus

SPS Agreement Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures


TNZ thermoneutral zone


UCT upper critical temperature

USDA US Department of Agriculture


WTO World Trade Organization

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Arranging the transportation of animals at research facilities is often an ordeal. There is a confusing patchwork of local, national, and international regulations; a perceived lack of high-quality shipping services; a dearth of science-based good practices; and a lack of biosafety standards. It’s a challenge —and an impediment to biomedical research. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals identifies the current problems encountered in the transportation of research animals and offers recommendations aimed at local and federal officials to rectify these problems. This book also includes a set of good practices based on the extensive body of literature on transportation of agricultural animals, universal concepts of physiology, and a scientific understanding of species-specific needs and differences. Good practices were developed by the committee to address thermal environment, space requirements, food and water requirements, social interaction, monitoring of transportation, emergency procedures, personnel training, and biosecurity. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals is an essential guide for all researchers, animal care technicians, facilities managers, administrators, and animal care and use committees at research institutions.

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