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R E V I E W O F
RECREATIONAL
FISHERIES
SURVEY METHODS
Committee on the Review of Recreational Fisheries Survey Methods
Ocean Studies Board
Division on Earth and Life Studies
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by
the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members
are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for
their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report is funded in part by a contract from the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The views expressed herein are
those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA
or any of its subagencies.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-10193-X
Cover: Image provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
Additional copies of this report are available from the National
Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC
20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington
metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights
reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating
society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research,
dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the
general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress
in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal
government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is
president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the
charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of
outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection
of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the
responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of
Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national
needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National
Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of
Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions
in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The
Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences
by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon
its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr.
Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of
Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology
with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal
government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the
Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in
providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and
engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A.
Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE ON THE REVIEW OF RECREATIONAL
FISHERIES SURVEY METHODS
PATRICK J. SULLIVAN (Chair), Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York
F. JAY BREIDT, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
ROBERT B. DITTON, Texas A&M University, College Station
BARBARA A. KNUTH, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
BRUCE M. LEAMAN, International Pacific Halibut Commission,
Seattle, Washington
VICTORIA M. O'CONNELL, Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Sitka
GEORGE R. PARSONS, University of Delaware, Newark
KENNETH H. POLLOCK, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
STEPHEN J. SMITH, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth,
Nova Scotia, Canada
S. LYNNE STOKES, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
STAFF
CHRISTINE BLACKBURN, Study Director
DAVID POLICANSKY, Scholar
SUSAN PARK, Associate Program Officer
JODI BOSTROM, Research Associate
PHILLIP LONG, Program Assistant
CARRIE WALL, Student Volunteer
iv
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OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
SHIRLEY A. POMPONI (Chair), Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institu-
tion, Fort Pierce, Florida
LEE G. ANDERSON, University of Delaware, Newark
WHITLOW AU, University of Hawaii at Manoa
ROBERT G. BEA, University of California, Berkeley
ROBERT DUCE, Texas A&M University, College Station
MARY (MISSY) H. FEELEY, ExxonMobil Exploration Company,
Houston, Texas
HOLLY GREENING, Tampa Bay Estuary Program, St. Petersburg,
Florida
DEBRA HERNANDEZ, Hernandez and Company, Isle of Palms, South
Carolina
CYNTHIA M. JONES, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
WILLIAM A. KUPERMAN, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La
Jolla, California
FRANK E. MULLER-KARGER, University of South Florida, St.
Petersburg
JOAN OLTMAN-SHAY, NorthWest Research Associates, Inc.,
Bellevue, Washington
ROBERT T. PAINE, University of Washington, Seattle
S. GEORGE H. PHILANDER, Princeton University, New Jersey
RAYMOND W. SCHMITT, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Massachussets
DANIEL SUMAN, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science,
University of Miami, Florida
STEVEN TOMASZESKI, U.S. Navy (retired), Fairfax, Virginia
ANNE M. TREHU, Oregon State University, Corvallis
STAFF
SUSAN ROBERTS, Director
FRANK HALL, Program Officer
SUSAN PARK, Associate Program Officer
ANDREAS SOHRE, Financial Associate
SHIREL SMITH, Administrative Coordinator
JODI BOSTROM, Research Associate
NANCY CAPUTO, Research Associate
SARAH CAPOTE, Senior Program Assistant
v
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Preface
The science and management of marine fisheries depend upon
having clear and well-documented information. The task of collecting
and maintaining this information falls to the National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin-
istration. This task is daunting given that the type and volume of
information continually expand along with the needs of fisheries man-
agers to formulate more timely and area specific management actions.
The National Research Council (NRC) has provided many fisheries
and fisheries-related reviews in the last decade for Congress and NMFS.
These reviews have included a summary review of the science, data,
models, and processes used to guide NMFS resource management
(National Research Council, 2002); an examination of how to address the
legal mandate to use the best scientific information available in fisheries
management (National Research Council, 2004); and a critical look at
improving the collection, management, and use of marine fisheries data
(National Research Council, 2000).
The current report is in response to a request from NMFS for a
review of the methods used to collect and analyze recreational marine
fisheries data for application to fisheries management. While recreational
fisheries have long been an important component of marine fisheries
resource utilization, increased fishing pressure on many stocks has
heightened the demand for information from all sources. At the same
time, it has become increasingly complex and challenging to assess the
catch and effort associated with recreational angling.
The committee recognizes that NRC reviews add new tasks to
NMFS's already hectic schedule, and we appreciate the information and
responsiveness to requests that NMFS personnel provided. In particular,
we thank Dr. David Van Voorhees, chief of the Fisheries Statistics
Division, for his patience and openness in addressing questions about the
vii
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viii PREFACE
program, and Dr. Steve Murawski, director of the Office of Science and
Technology, for setting the stage for this review.
The committee also recognizes the important contribution made to
this report by many individuals from regional councils, state fisheries
agencies, recreational and commercial fisheries organizations, environ-
mental conservation organizations, and others who attended and pro-
vided input to our deliberation. The people who made presentations to
the committee are listed in the acknowledgments.
Finally, the committee sincerely thanks the NRC staff for their valu-
able support and extra efforts to facilitate the rapid completion of the
report without compromising quality: David Policansky and Christine
Blackburn (study directors), Susan Park (associate program officer), Jodi
Bostrom (research associate), Carrie Wall (student volunteer), and Phillip
Long (program assistant).
Patrick J. Sullivan, Committee Chair
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Acknowledgments
This report was greatly enhanced by the participants of the five
meetings held as part of this study. The committee would first like to
acknowledge the efforts of those who gave presentations at these
meetings: Allen Bingham (Alaska Department of Fish and Game), Harry
Blanchette (Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries), Dick
Brame (Coastal Conservation Association), Bob Bryant (recreational
fisherman), Jennifer Cahalan (Washington Department of Fish and Wild-
life), Felicia Coleman (Florida State University), Gordon Colvin (New
York State Department of Environmental Conservation), Steve Crooke
(California Department of Fish and Game), Mike Dennis (Knowledge
Networks), Dave Donaldson (Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission),
Mark Fisher (Texas Parks and Wildlife Conservation Commission),
Robert Fletcher (Sportfishing Association of California), Tom Fote
(Jersey Coast Anglers Association), Daniel Furlong (Mid-Atlantic
Marine Fisheries Council), Jeff Goebel (U.S. Department of Agri-
culture), John Hoey (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-
stration), Cynthia Jones (Old Dominion University), Bruce Joule (Maine
Department of Marine Resources), Chris Keller (Wostmann and Assoc-
iates), Alec MacCall (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-
stration), Herb Moore (Recreational Fishing Alliance), Steve Murawski
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), Michael Nussman
(American Sportfishing Association), Joe O'Hop (Florida Fish and Wild-
life Conservation Commission), Vince O'Shea (Atlantic States Marine
Fisheries Commission), Maury Osborn (Atlantic Coastal Cooperative
Statistics Program), Preston Pate (North Carolina Division of Marine
Fisheries), Bonnie Ponwith (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-
stration), Russell Porter (Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission),
Robin Reichers (Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council),
Ronald Salz (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), Eric
Schindler (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife), Richard Stone
ix
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x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
(private fisheries consultant), Cynthia Thomson (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration), David Van Voorhees (National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration), Bobbi Walker (Gulf of Mexico
Fisheries Management Council and National Association of Charterboat
Operators), and Robert Zales II (National Association of Charterboat
Operators). These talks helped set the stage for fruitful discussions in the
closed sessions that followed. The committee is also grateful to the many
people who provided important discussion during the public comment
periods.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for
their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with
procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The
purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical
comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as
sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional
standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study
charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential
to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the
following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:
John Annala, Gulf of Maine Research Institute, Portland, Maine
James R. Chromy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina
John Mark Dean, University of South Carolina, Columbia
John E. Halver, University of Washington, Seattle
David K. Loomis, University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Kenneth E. McConnell, University of Maryland, College Park
Jean Opsomer, Iowa State University, Ames
Maury Osborn, Atlantic Coastal Cooperative Statistics Program,
Washington, DC
Russell Porter, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Portland,
Oregon
Norman H. Sleep, Stanford University, California
Bobbi Walker, National Association of Charterboat Operators, Orange
Beach, Alabama
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive
comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions
or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its
release. The review of this report was overseen by Andrew Solow, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, appointed by the Divison on Earth and
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi
Life Studies, and John Dowling, Harvard University, appointed by the
Report Review Committee, who were responsible for making certain that
an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance
with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully
considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely
with the authoring committee and the institution.
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Contents
SUMMARY 1
1 INTRODUCTION 15
What Data are Collected from Anglers 19
How Catch is Estimated from Recreational Fisheries Survey Data 19
Why Recreational Fishing Data are Difficult to Collect 20
Scientific Issues Affecting Survey Design 23
Existing Surveys 26
Committee Approach and Report Organization 28
2 CURRENT SITUATION AND PROBLEMS IN EFFORT
AND CATCH ESTIMATION 31
Bias and Precision 35
General Procedural and Estimation Issues 42
New Demands on Recreational Fishing Data 48
Incorporating New Ideas and Testing Old Ones 51
Outreach 52
Conclusions and Recommendations 53
3 REMOVAL ESTIMATION: ALTERNATIVE SURVEY
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS METHOD 57
Small- to Large-Scale Surveys for Sound Fisheries Management 58
Angler Survey Frames 61
Other Survey Designs 67
Analysis and Estimation Techniques 76
Conclusions and Recommendations 81
4 DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR POPULATION ASSESSMENT 83
Effort and Catch per Unit Effort Calculations 85
Catch and Release 89
Conclusions and Recommendations 91
5 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 93
Management Uses for Data 95
Economic Data and Models 97
Conclusions and Recommendations 104
xiii
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xiv CONTENTS
6 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT 107
Research Needs and Problem Solving 107
A National Statistical Program 108
Interim Sources of Program Support 114
Conclusions and Recommendations 116
7 COMMUNICATION AND OUTREACH 117
Communication Goals and Stakeholders 119
Data Collection Efforts 120
Data Interpretation and Application Efforts 122
Communication and Outreach Approaches 124
Conclusions and Recommendations 130
REFERENCES 133
APPENDIXES
A Committee and Staff Biographies 143
B Existing Marine Recreational Surveys 147
C Fisheries Case Studies 161
D Acronyms 185
