dynamic load-responsive deployment, 65

emerging technologies for, 163–164

equipment, 158–159

fleet characteristics, 55–56

hospital-based EMS, 58

information technologies for, 163, 164, 170

interfacility transport, 162–163

legal requirements, 48–49

licensing, 158, 159

light and siren use, 160, 220

Medicare reimbursement, 47

national capacity, 158

origins and development, 32–33

performance measurement, 86

private EMS systems, 58–59

problems of hospital emergency department crowding, 40

regional disparities, 23–24

in rural areas, 65

utilization, 83

See also Prehospital care;

Transportation of patient

American Board of Emergency Medicine, 9, 144

American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), 35, 78–79, 208

American College of Surgeons, 35, 78–79, 85

Anthrax, 181

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs), 16, 140–141, 218–219

Automatic crash notification, 16, 27, 63, 149, 155–157

Avian influenza, 178

B

Basic life support (BLS) transport

features, 158

fleet characteristics, 55

Medicare reimbursement, 47

training curriculum, 124

Battlefield Medical Information System Tactical (BMIST), 169

Biochemical weapons, 181–182, 193–194, 199–200

Bioterrorism Hospital Preparedness Program, 12, 100, 197

Blood substitute, 163

Bystander care, 65–66, 140–141

C

California

EMS system management, 35

model EMS and trauma system, 94–95

San Francisco EMS system, 39

Capacity, EMS

air medical services, 161

ambulance services, 158

goals for system, 5

local disaster preparedness, 194–196

national, 15

9-1-1 systems, 53, 63, 151

Cardiac arrest

incidence, 16

Public Access Defibrillation trial, 218–219

Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES), 87, 217

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

citizen first responders, 65–66, 140

origins of EMS system, 1, 32

prehospital care research, 219, 220

Categorization

of emergency providers, 8, 79–80, 114–115

of trauma care capabilities, 78, 114–115

Causes of ED visits, 16–17

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

EMS-related programs, 44

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 36, 44, 46, 99–100, 217

research efforts, 208, 217

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

EMS reimbursement, 41

performance measurement activities, 88

recommendations for, 7–8, 114, 116

See also Medicaid;

Medicare

Centers for Public Health Preparedness, 181

Civil War, U.S., 32

Commission on Accreditation of Ambulance Services, 85

Commission on Accreditation of Medical Transport Systems, 85

Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System, 5, 24–25

Front Matter (R1-R24)

Summary (1-14)

1 Introduction (15-30)

2 History and Current State of EMS (31-72)

3 Building a 21st-Century Emergency and Trauma Care System (73-118)

4 Supporting a High-Quality EMS Workforce (119-148)

5 Advancing System Infrastructure (149-174)

6 Preparing for Disasters (175-206)

7 Optimizing Prehospital Care Through Research (207-230)

Appendix A Committee and Subcommittee Membership (231-232)

Appendix B Biographical Information for Main Committee and Prehospital Emergency Medical Services Subcommittee (233-246)

Appendix C List of Presentations to the Committee (247-252)

Appendix D List of Commissioned Papers (253-254)

Appendix E Recommendations and Responsible Entities from the Future of Emergency Care Series (255-272)

Index (273-286)