NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

Support for this project was provided by Alfred University, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Bose Corporation, Boston Scientific Corporation, California State University Program for Education and Research in Biotechnology, Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology, DuPont Bio-Based Materials, Edwards Lifesciences Corporation, Genzyme Corporation, Medtronic, Inc., National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, University of Florida, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

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