Battling Malaria: Strengthening the U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Program

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Battling Malaria: Strengthening the U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Program (2006)
Medical Follow-Up Agency (MFUA)

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. "2 The Malaria Threat and Need for a Vaccine." Battling Malaria: Strengthening the U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2006.

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Battling Malaria: Strengthening the U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Program

Location	Year	Threat	Morbidity and Mortality
Korean War	1950–1953	P. vivax	Malaria rate 611/1000/year 3000 cases in troops returning to United States^d
Vietnam War	1962–1975	P. falciparum, P. vivax	100,000 cases^e 1.7/1000 case fatality rate Hospital admissions 27/1000/year 1965 malaria rate for U.S. Army forces: 98/1000/year 1970: 2222 cases (mostly P. vivax) treated in United States
Panama	1988–1989	P. falciparum	Action primarily in Panama City
Persian Gulf	1991	P. vivax	Few cases in northern Iraq, Kurdish area
Somalia	1992–1994	P. falciparum, P. vivax	48 cases; 243 cases in forces on return home^f (CDC, 1993)
Nigeria	2001	Chloroquine- resistant P. falciparum	Special forces 7 cases (2 deaths) in 300 men
Afghanistan	2003	P. vivax, chloroquine- resistant P. falciparum	8 cases in 725 Ranger task force members^g (Kotwal et al., 2005)
Liberia	2003	P. falciparum	U.S. marines 80/290 (28% attack rate) with 40 Marines evacuated by air to Germany
Iraq War	2003–	P. vivax	Few cases
^a Records for the Confederate forces were difficult to find (probably not kept). One example in South Carolina was 42,000 cases in 18 months in 1862–1863. (Malaria was endemic in the United States until the late 1940s). ^b 1913 malaria rate drop was due to control measures enforced by Colonel Gorgas. ^c Malaria rate for troops training and/or garrisoned in southern states. ^d In troops returning home there were at one point 629 cases/week. ^e Some operational areas were intense: Ia Drang Valley (1966) malaria rate 600/1000/year, equivalent of 2 maneuver battalions rendered inoperative. ^f In Bardera in 1993 where malaria is hyperendemic: 53/490 cases in Marines. ^g Attack rate (June–September 2002) 52.4/1000/year.