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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
APPENDIX C
Description of Case-Control Studies of All Selected Cancers as Related to Exposure to Asbestos
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
TABLE C.1 Description of Case-Control Studies of All Selected Cancers as Related to Exposure to Asbestos
Referencea
Population
Number of Casesb
Ahrens et al. 1991
Male laryngeal-cancer cases identified in one hospital in Bremen, Germany, in 1986 with histologic confirmation; male controls with nonneoplastic disease selected from same hospital and matched on age and residence
100 laryngeal
Berrino et al. 2003
Male cases of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer, less than 55 yr old, diagnosed in six European centers in 1979-1982 with histologic confirmation; controls selected from census lists, electoral rolls, or population registries and matched for sex and age
215 laryngeal and 100 hypopharyngeal
Brown et al. 1988
White, male laryngeal-cancer cases, 30-79 yr old, diagnosed in 56 hospitals along Gulf Coast of Texas in 1975-1980; controls selected through Texas Department of Health mortality tapes, drivers license records, HCFA-provided Medicare records, and matched on age, vital status, ethnicity, county of residence
183 laryngeal
Burch et al. 1981
Laryngeal cancer cases diagnosed in southern Ontario in 1977-1979; neighborhood controls matched on sex, age
204 laryngeal
(184 men and 20 women)
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Number of Controlsb
Relevant Exposures
Exposure Assessment
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders
100
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire covering lifetime occupational history with exposure checklist
Unconditional logistic regression; smoking, alcohol consumption, age
819
Asbestos
Interview with standardized questionnaire assessing jobs held at least 1 year; job titles coded; panel of industrial hygienists and occupational physicians assessed probabilities of exposure to specific agents
Unconditional logistic regression; study centre, age, tobacco-smoking, consumption of alcohol, SES, dietary variables, other agents; Boffetta et al. (2003) analyzed same study population in terms of occupation and industry
250
Asbestos
Interview (self-reports or proxy) assessing lifetime occupational and residential histories, lifestyle factors, demographic characteristics; industrial hygienist classified job titles for exposure to specific agents
Logistic regression; cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption
204
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history and lifestyle factors; self-reported agents and occupational epidemiologist classification
Discordant pairs, RR; smoking
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Referencea
Population
Number of Casesb
Cocco et al. 1994
Male gastric cancer cases, 35-74 yr old, diagnosed and histologically confirmed in 1985-1987 in four areas of Italy; population controls randomly selected and matched for gender and age
640 gastric
De Stefani et al. 1998
Male laryngeal-cancer cases, 30-75 yr old, diagnosed in five hospitals in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1993-1995; cancer controls selected from same hospitals and timeframe
112 laryngeal
Demers et al. 1994
Colon and rectum cancer cases, 40-84 yr-old white males, diagnosed in 1984-1987 through the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System (SEER); controls selected through RDD
261 colon and rectum
Dietz et al. 2004
Laryngeal cancer cases diagnosed at the Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery university hospitals of Heidelberg and Manheim and town hospitals of Ludwigshafen, Darmstadt and Heilbronn, Germany, in 1998-2000; population controls selected from local registries and matched on sex and age
257 laryngeal
(236 men and 21 women)
Dumas et al. 2000
Male rectal cancer cases, 35-70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979-1985 and histologically confirmed for one of 19 cancer sites; frequency-matched by approximate age, population-based controls also chosen from electoral lists, RDD
257 rectal
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Number of Controlsb
Relevant Exposures
Exposure Assessment
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders
959
Asbestos
Interview assessing work histories (job title and duration); jobs coded and JEM applied for six specific agents
Logistic regression; age, study area, residence type, migration, family gastric cancer history, quetelet index, total caloric, protein, and vitamin C intake
509 (for asbestos analysis, 352 excluding subjects with colorectal cancer)
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational histories and exposure to specific agents
Unconditional logistic regression; age, residence, education, income, tobacco-smoking and type, alcohol consumption
183
Asbestos
Telephone interview assessing lifetime work, medical, and lifestyle histories; occupations and industries coded and assigned likelihoods of asbestos exposure
Unconditional logistic regression; age, smoking
769
(702 men and 67 women)
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history, tobacco and alcohol use; quantification using job-specific supplementary questionnaires validated for asbestos
Conditional logistic regression; age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption
1,295 cancer, 533 population
Chrysotile; amphiboles
In-person interviews with specific question on details of each job subject had; analyzed and coded by team of chemists and industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semi-quantitative scale
Unconditional logistic regression; age, education, respondent status, cigarette-smoking, beer consumption, BMI
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Referencea
Population
Number of Casesb
Ekstrom et al. 1999
Gastric cancer cases, 40-79 yr old, residing in one of five counties, born in Sweden, and diagnosed in 1989-1995, identified and histologically confirmed by participating clinicians from all hospitals in the study area; controls randomly selected from the population register
565 gastric
Elci et al. 2002
Male laryngeal-cancer cases diagnosed in Oncology Treatment Center of Social Security Agency Okmeydani Hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1979-1984 with histologic confirmation; controls selected from same hospital, timeframe among cases of HD, cancers of skin (nonmelanoma), testis, bone, male breast as well as benign lesions
940 laryngeal
Fredriksson et al. 1989
Colon cancer cases, 30-75 yr old, identified through the Swedish Cancer Registry among patients diagnosed in 1980-1983; cases resident of the Umea region and alive during the study’s data collection; randomly selected population controls from the National Population Register frequency-matched on age, sex
329 colon
(165 men and 164 women)
Garabrant et al. 1992
English-speaking, white, male cases of colon cancer, 45-70 yr old, diagnosed in 1983-1986, and identified through the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program; neighborhood controls matched on gender and date of birth
419 colon
Gerhardsson de Verdier et al. 1992
Colorectal-cancer cases identified through local hospitals and Regional Cancer Registry in Stockholm, Sweden in 1986-1988; cases histologically confirmed and subjects limited to those born in Sweden in 1907-1946 and lived half their lives there; population controls randomly selected from Stockholm County population registry
352 colon
(163 men and 189 women);
217 rectal
(107 men and 110 women)
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Number of Controlsb
Relevant Exposures
Exposure Assessment
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders
1,164
Asbestos
In-person interview with professional interviewer; occupational epidemiologists to assess type of exposure and duration from self-reports of exposure and job titles
Unconditional logistic regression; age, sex
1,519
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history, tobacco and alcohol use; industrial hygienist performed JEM exposure assignments
Unconditional logistic regression; age, smoking, alcohol consumption
658
(330 men and 328 women)
Asbestos
Mailed questionnaire assessing occupational history (job titles); telephone interviews followed if necessary; exposure to high or low grade of asbestos independently coded by two physicians and one hygienist
Mantel-Haenszel; age, sex, physical activity
419
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaires assessing past 30 years of occupational exposures, physical activity and weight, medical history, family cancer history, and a modified Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire
Conditional logistic regression; family history of large bowel cancer, total caloric intake, carbohydrates, calcium, weight, and physical activity
512
(236 men and 276 women)
Asbestos
Questionnaire administered in person or through mail with follow-up telephone survey; exposure to list of chemicals or employment in specified occupations determined
Unconditional logistic regression; age, sex, nutritional intake markers, BMI, physical activity, family history of colorectal cancer
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Referencea
Population
Number of Casesb
Goldberg et al. 2001
Male cases and controls, 35-70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979-1985 and histologically confirmed for one of 19 cancer sites; frequency-matched by approximate age; population-based controls also chosen from electoral lists and with RDD
497 colon
Gustavsson et al. 1998
Oral-cavity, oro- and hypopharyngeal-, laryngeal-, and esophageal-cancer cases among all Swedish men, 40-79 yr old, residing in two regions with reporting from departments of oncology and surgery in 1988-1990; controls randomly selected from population registers and matched on age, region
545 total, including:
138 pharyngeal,
157 laryngeal,
122 esophageal
Hardell 1981
Men from Umea region, 25-85 yr old, diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of colon reported to Swedish Cancer Registry 1978-1979; controls from Umea region assembled for two previous studies were used as referents
154 colon
Hillerdal 1980
Male gastrointestinal cancer cases diagnosed in Uppsala county in 1968-1972 obtained through the Swedish Cancer Registry with chest x-rays retrieved through the General Health Survey; controls selected 3:1 based on age, sex, and year of x-ray
386 total
(21 esophagus, 148 stomach, 8 small intestine, 108 large intestine, and 101 rectum)
Hinds et al. 1979
White, male laryngeal cancer cases diagnosed in 3 counties of Washington through the Cancer Surveillance System in 1976-1977; neighborhood controls matched on sex, race, age
47 laryngeal
Krstev et al. 2005
Stomach cancer cases, 21-79 yr old, diagnosed at 22 hospitals and eight endoscopic centers in Warsaw, Poland, in 1994-1996; controls randomly selected from an electronic registry and matched on gender and age
443 stomach
(285 men and 158 women)
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Number of Controlsb
Relevant Exposures
Exposure Assessment
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders
1,514 cancer, 533 population
Asbestos
In-person interviews with specific question on detail of each job subject had; analyzed and coded by team of chemists and industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semi-quantitative scale
Unconditional logistic regression; age, respondent status, ethnicity, non-occupational factors (such as cigarette-smoking, alcohol consumption)
641
Asbestos
Interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifestyle and environmental factors; occupational hygienist assigned exposure intensity, probability to 17 specific occupational exposures
Unconditional logistic regression; age, region, alcohol consumption, tobacco-smoking
541
Asbestos
Responses to mailed questionnaire on work history, chemical exposures, and lifestyle factors interpreted to determine ever-never status for asbestos exposure.
Mantel-Haenszel analysis stratified on age and urban vs rural residence
1,158
Asbestos
Evidence of pleural plaques on chest x-rays regarded as indirect proof of asbestos exposure
Standardized incidence ratio (observed/ expected)
47
Asbestos
In-person interview (or next-of-kin for deceased) with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history and lifestyle factors
Matched pairs, RR
479
(313 men and 166 women)
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessed lifetime occupational history and exposure to numerous specific agents
Unconditional logistic regression; age, education, smoking, lifetime number of jobs held
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Referencea
Population
Number of Casesb
Luce et al. 2000
Cases of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer identified from the Cancer Registry of New Caledonia in 1993-1995 among residents living there at least 5 years and 18 years old; population controls selected from electoral rolls and matched on sex and age
23 larynx
(20 men and 3 women);
5 hypopharynx
Marchand et al. 2000
Male cases of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer diagnosed in 15 hospitals in six cities in France in 1989-1991; hospital, cancer controls selected
315 laryngeal
206 hypopharyngeal
Merletti et al. 1991
Male oral- and oropharyngeal cancer cases, 26-92 yr old, diagnosed in Turin, Italy, in 1982- 1984; controls selected randomly from resident files, stratified by age, sex
86 oral cavity or oropharyngeal (12 specifically oropharyngeal)
Muscat and Wynder 1992
White, male laryngeal cancer cases diagnosed and histologcally confirmed at eight hospitals in New York, Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania in 1985-1990; hospital controls randomly selected and matched on hospital, age, and year of interview
194 laryngeal
Neugut et al. 1991
Colorectal cancer cases among males, 35-84 yr old, undergoing colonoscopy in three NYC medical centers in 1986-1988; colonoscopy controls free of invasive colon carcinomas, inflammatory bowel disease, or colon polyps
51 colorectal
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Number of Controlsb
Relevant Exposures
Exposure Assessment
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders
305 total
(matched also to 228 lung cancer cases, etc.)
Pö, a whitewash containing tremolite asbestos
In-person (or next-of-kin for deceased) interview with standardized questionnaire assessed lifetime occupational and lifestyle history and residence in whitewashed houses
Unconditional logistic regression; age, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol
305
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history, tobacco and alcohol use; JEM exposure assignments
Unconditional logistic regression; age, smoking, alcohol consumption; Goldberg et al. (1997) analyzed same study population in terms of occupation and industry, while Menvielle et al. (2004) analyzed the occupational information from an SES perspective
373
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history; job titles coded; industrial hygienists applied JEM to determine exposures to 13 agents
Unconditional logistic regression; age, education, birthplace, tobacco-smoking, alcohol consumption
184
Asbestos
In-person interview assessed occupational history and exposure to specific agents; occupation and exposure linkage system applied to determine exposure probability and intensity
Multiple logistic regression; age, education, smoking, alcohol, quetelet index
195
Asbestos
Telephone interview or mailed questionnaire assessed self-reported exposure to asbestos with occupational history used as verification
Multiple logistic regression; age
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Referencea
Population
Number of Casesb
Olsen and Sabroe 1984
Laryngeal cancer cases, less than 75 yr old, diagnosed in 1980-1982 through five department of oncology in Denmark; population controls matched 4:1 through municipal registries and matched on sex, age
326 laryngeal
(276 men and 50 women)
Parent et al. 1998
Male cases and controls, 35-70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979-1985 and histologically confirmed for one of 19 cancer sites; frequency-matched by approximate age; population-based controls also chosen from electoral lists and with RDD
250 stomach
Parent et al. 2000
Male cases and controls, 35-70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979-1985 and histologically confirmed for one of 19 cancer sites; frequency-matched by approximate age; population- based controls also chosen from electoral lists and with RDD
99 esophageal
(63 squamous-cell carcinoma, 23 adenocarcinomas, and 13 uncertain morphology)
Shettigara and Morgan 1975
Male cases of laryngeal cancer diagnosed at Toronto General Hospital and resident of metropolitan Toronto in 1974; neighborhood controls matched on sex and age
43 laryngeal
Spiegelman and Wegman 1985
Cases of colon and rectal cancer and cancer controls selected from sample of Third National Cancer Survey of incident cancers in seven US metropolitan areas and two states in 1969-1971; digestive and occupationally associated cancers (respiratory, urinary, bone, skin, buccal, pharyngeal, leukemia) excluded from controls
370 colon
(218 men and 152 women);
175 rectal
(119 men and 56 women);
8 large intestine
(6 men and 2 women)
Stell and McGill 1973
Male laryngeal cancer cases diagnosed consecutively in one Liverpool hospital; hospital controls matched on age
100 laryngeal
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Number of Controlsb
Relevant Exposures
Exposure Assessment
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders
1,134
(971 men and 163 women)
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational and lifestyle histories, exposure to specific agents
Logistic regression; age, tobacco, alcohol consumption, sex
2,289 cancer,
533 population
Chrysotile asbestos, amphibole asbestos
In-person interviews with specific question on detail of each job subject had; analyzed, coded by team of chemists and industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semi-quantitative scale
Unconditional logistic regression; age, respondent status, birthplace, education, cigarette-smoking
2,299 cancer,
533 population
Asbestos
In-person interviews with specific question on detail of each job subject had; analyzed, coded by team of chemists and industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semi-quantitative scale
Unconditional logistic regression; age, respondent status, birthplace, educational level, beer consumption, spirits consumption, β-carotene index, cigarette-smoking (length, pattern)
43
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing age at first exposure and duration of exposure to asbestos and other agents
Discordant pairs
1,861 total
(626 men and 1,245 women)
Asbestos
Interviews conducted on primary, secondary occupations, industries, duration; exposure assignment according to NIOSH National Occupational Hazard Survey protocol
Logistic regression; age, race, marital status, region, income group, educational level, body mass, nutritional scores
100
Asbestos
In-person interview with questionnaire assessing occupational history
Chi-square
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Referencea
Population
Number of Casesb
Vineis et al. 1993
Colon cancer cases diagnosed in 1990-1991 at the Main Hospital of Torino, Italy; controls selected from a 10% sample of patients with nontraumatic conditions in 1989-1990
131 colon
(74 men and 57 women)
Wortley et al. 1992
Laryngeal cancer cases, 20-74 yr old, identified through the Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (SEER participant) in Seattle of western Washington residents in 1983-1987; controls selected through RDD and matched on age and sex
235 laryngeal
Zagraniski et al. 1986
White, male cases of laryngeal cancer diagnosed in two New Haven hospitals in 1975-1980; white, male general surgery controls
87 laryngeal
Zheng et al. 1992a
Oral- and pharyngeal-cancer cases, 20-75 yr old, identified through population-based cancer registry as newly diagnosed in 1988-1990; controls randomly selected from Shanghai Resident Registry, matched on age, sex
204 oral or pharyngeal
(115 men and 89 women)
Zheng et al. 1992b
Laryngeal cancer cases, 20-75 yr old, identified through population-based cancer registry as newly diagnosed in 1988-1990; controls randomly selected from Shanghai Resident Registry, matched on age, sex
201 laryngeal
(177 men and 24 women)
NOTE: BMI = body mass index; HCFA = Health Care Financing Administration; HD = Hodgkin’s disease; JEM = job exposure matrix; NIOSH = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; OR = odds ratio; RDD = random-digit dialing; SES = socio-economic status.
aFull citations can be found in the reference list for Chapter 6.
bNumber of cases and controls with information necessary for analysis (as used in this report’s meta-analyses and reported in tables in Appendix E) may have been less.
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
Number of Controlsb
Relevant Exposures
Exposure Assessment
Analysis; Adjustment for Potential Confounders
463
(254 men and 209 women)
Jobs with potential exposure to asbestos
Self-reported job titles coded and selected as exposed for: stone cutter, mechanic or pipes and boilers, pipefitter, steamfitter, boilermaker, mechanic at heating company, and pipe installer
Mantel-Haenszel OR; age
547
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history; industrial hygienists performed JEM exposure assignments
Multiple logistic regression; smoking, drinking, age, education
153
Asbestos work
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history and lifestyle factors
Condition logistic regression; tobacco, alcohol consumption
414
(269 men and 145 women)
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifestyle factors and occupational exposures
Chi-squared test
414
(269 men and 145 women)
Asbestos
In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifestyle factors
Unconditional logistic regression; age, smoking, education
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Asbestos: Selected Cancers
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