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PAPERBACK list:$40.00 Web:$36.00 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free PDF Access Free Resources Sign in to download PDF book and chapters PDF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PDF Report Brief Display this book on your site! Related Titles Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond Other Related Titles Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years (2006) Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (BASC) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 140   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. B R Code for Figure 9-2 n <- 600; baseline <- n - 0:99; phi <- 0.9; HSIndex <- function(x) { (mean(x[baseline]) - mean(x)) / sqrt(var(x)); } SimulatePC1 <- function(p = 50) { a <- matrix(NA, n, p); for (j in 1:p) { b <- arima.sim(model = list(ar = phi), n); a[ , j] <- b - mean(b[baseline]); } invisible(svd(a)$u[,1]); } a <- matrix(NA, n, 5); for (j in 1:ncol(a)) { a[ , j] <- SimulatePC1(); } b <- apply(a, 2, HSIndex); c <- t(sign(b) * t(a)); matplot(c, type = “l”, xlab = “”, ylab = “”, lty = 2); Page 140 Front Matter (R1-R14) Summary (1-4) Overview (5-24) 1 Introduction to Technical Chapters (25-28) 2 The Instrumental Record (29-37) 3 Documentary and Historical Evidence (38-44) 4 Tree Rings (45-52) 5 Marine, Lake, and Cave Proxies (53-64) 6 Ice Isotopes (65-70) 7 Glacier Length and Mass Balance Records (71-76) 8 Boreholes (77-82) 9 Statistical Background (83-97) 10 Climate Forcings and Climate Models (98-109) 11 Large-Scale Multiproxy Reconstruction Techniques (110-119) References (120-136) Appendix A: Statement of Task (137-139) Appendix B: R Code for Figure 9-2 (140-141) Appendix C: Biosketches of Committee Members (142-146)

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Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the last 2,000 Years B R Code for Figure 9-2 n <- 600; baseline <- n - 0:99; phi <- 0.9; HSIndex <- function(x) { (mean(x[baseline]) - mean(x)) / sqrt(var(x)); } SimulatePC1 <- function(p = 50) { a <- matrix(NA, n, p); for (j in 1:p) { b <- arima.sim(model = list(ar = phi), n); a[ , j] <- b - mean(b[baseline]); } invisible(svd(a)$u[,1]); } a <- matrix(NA, n, 5); for (j in 1:ncol(a)) { a[ , j] <- SimulatePC1(); } b <- apply(a, 2, HSIndex); c <- t(sign(b) * t(a)); matplot(c, type = “l”, xlab = “”, ylab = “”, lty = 2);

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Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the last 2,000 Years PopulationCov <- function(n) { a <- matrix(NA, n, n); a[] <- phi^abs(row(a) - col(a)); for (i in 1:n) a[i, ] <- a[i, ] - mean(a[i, baseline]); for (j in 1:n) a[ , j] <- a[ , j] - mean(a[baseline, j]); invisible(a); } e <- eigen(PopulationCov(n)); lines(e$vectors[,1], col = 2, lwd = 2);

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