National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

OPPORTUNITIES TO ADDRESS CLINICAL RESEARCH WORKFORCE DIVERSITY NEEDS FOR 2010

Committee on Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010

Committee on Women in Science and Engineering

Policy and Global Affairs

Board on Health Sciences Policy

Institute of Medicine

Jong-on Hahm and Alexander Ommaya, Editors

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL AND INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This project was supported by the National Institutes of Health, Grant No. N01-OD-4-2139, Task Order #142, and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-09248-5

Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

COMMITTEE ON OPPORTUNITIES TO ADDRESS CLINICAL RESEARCH WORKFORCE DIVERSITY NEEDS FOR 2010

E. Albert Reece, M.D., Chair, Vice Chancellor and Dean,

University of Arkansas College of Medicine

Rick Martinez, M.D., Director of Medical Affairs,

Johnson and Johnson

Nancy E. Reame, Ph.D., Mary Dickey Lindsay Professor of Nursing and Director, DNSc Program,

Columbia University

Sally Shaywitz, M.D., Co-director,

Yale Center for the Study of Learning and Attention, Yale University School of Medicine

Nancy Sung, Ph.D., Senior Program Officer,

Burroughs Wellcome Fund

NRC Staff

Jong-on Hahm, Ph.D., Study Director

Elizabeth Briggs, Senior Program Associate

IOM Staff

Alex Ommaya, Sc.D., Senior Program Officer

Michelle Lyons, M.S., Research Associate (until December 2004)

Amy Haas, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

COMMITTEE ON WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Lilian Wu, Chair, Director of University Relations,

International Business Machines

Lotte Bailyn, T. Wilson Professor of Management,

Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Ilene Busch-Vishniac, Professor, Mechanical Engineering,

The Johns Hopkins University

Ralph J. Cicerone, Former Chancellor,

University of California, Irvine (until January 2005)

Allan Fisher, President and CEO,

iCarnegie, Inc.

Sally Shaywitz, Co-director,

Yale Center for the Study of Learning and Attention, Yale University School of Medicine

Julia Weertman, Professor Emerita,

Department of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern University

Staff

Jong-on Hahm, Director (until October 14, 2005)

Peter Henderson, Acting Director (from October 15, 2005)

Charlotte Kuh, Deputy Executive Director, Policy and Global Affairs

John Sislin, Program Officer

Elizabeth Briggs Huthnance, Senior Program Associate

Amaliya Jurta, Senior Program Assistant (through July 2002)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

BOARD ON HEALTH SCIENCES POLICY

Fred H. Gage, Chair,

The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California

Gail H. Cassell,

Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana

James F. Childress,

University of Virginia, Charlottesville

Ellen Wright Clayton,

Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee

David R. Cox,

Perlegen Sciences, Mountain View, California

Lynn R. Goldman,

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland

Bernard D. Goldstein,

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Martha N. Hill,

Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland

Alan Leshner,

American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C.

Daniel Masys,

Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee

Jonathan D. Moreno,

University of Virginia, Charlottesville

E. Albert Reece,

University of Arkansas, Little Rock

Myrl Weinberg,

National Health Council, Washington, D.C.

Michael J. Welch,

Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri

Owen N. Witte,

University of California, Los Angeles

Mary Woolley,

Research!America, Alexandria, Virginia

IOM Staff

Andrew M. Pope, Director

Amy Haas, Board Assistant

David Codrea, Financial Associate

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

Preface

Increasing diversity in the U.S. population has sharpened concerns about the vitality and diversity of the clinical research workforce, concerns that have persisted for two decades. Our nation’s unprecedented level of investment in biomedical research has led to an explosion of new knowledge about human health and disease, but basic research achievements must be translated into treatments and therapies in order to benefit human health. This translation requires clinical research conducted by outstanding scientists, physicians, and other health professionals who understand the complexities and nuances of health and disease among different population groups.

Clinical research as an enterprise has traditionally not received the high level of regard afforded basic research in the research and academic communities, which may be contributing to decreased interest in clinical research careers among matriculating medical students. This must change if we are to continue the pace of achievement in translating gains in basic science to treatment of human disease. All biomedical researchers have a stake in ensuring that the clinical research workforce thrives and diversifies for the benefit of human health.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Academies’ Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Karen Antman, National Cancer Institute for Translational and Clinical Sciences; Elaine Gallin, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; Page Morahan, Hedwig van Ameringen Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine Program; Jay Moskowitz, Pennsylvania State University; Joel Oppenheim, New York University; Diane Wara, University of California, San Francisco; and Judith Woodruff, Northwest Health Foundation.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Elena Nightingale, Institute of Medicine, and Willie Pearson, Georgia Institute of Technology. Appointed by the National Academies, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.


E. Albert Reece, M.D.

Chair

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes

TABLES

2-1

 

NIH Clinical Research Awards, FY 1996-FY 2001,

 

16

2-2

 

First-time NIH Applicants and Awards, FY 1995-FY 2001,

 

17

2-3

 

M.D. and Ph.D. NIH Applications, Awards, and Success Rates, FY 1990-FY 2001,

 

17

2-4

 

Targeted NIH Clinical Research Awards (Type 1—K23, K24, and K30), FY 1999-FY 2003,

 

18

3-1

 

Distribution of Full-Time U.S. Medical School Faculty by Sex and Rank, 2003,

 

34

3-2

 

Hispanic Ethnicity and Non-Hispanic Race Medical School Applicants by Acceptance Status, 2002 and 2003,

 

40

3-3

 

Distribution of Loan Repayment Program Applicants by Sex, FY 2003,

 

46

4-1

 

Race and Ethnicity of Graduates from Baccalaureate, Master’s, and Doctoral Programs in Nursing, 1999-2002,

 

58

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×

FIGURES

1-1

 

Percent of the population by race or ethnicity: 1990, 2000, 2025, and 2050,

 

8

3-1

 

Black, Native American, and Hispanic U.S. medical school faculty, 1980-2000,

 

38

3-2

 

Medical school faculty by race/ethnicity, 2002,

 

38

3-3

 

Black, Asian, and Hispanic M.D.–Ph.D. graduates, 1986-2002,

 

42

3-4

 

New applications and funded awards for four NIH loan repayment programs, FY 2002 and FY 2003,

 

45

BOXES

2-1

 

Recommendations of the 2003 NIH Director’s Blue Ribbon Panel on the Future of Intramural Clinical Research,

 

20

3-1

 

Summary,

 

53

4-1

 

Summary,

 

63

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R6
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2006. Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11679.
×
Page R14
Next: Summary »
Opportunities to Address Clinical Research Workforce Diversity Needs for 2010 Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $48.00 Buy Ebook | $38.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Based on a 2003 workshop, this study describes current public and private programs and recommends ways to recruit and retain more women and underrepresented minorities into clinical research, especially physician-scientists and nurses. Federal sponsors should improve data collection, evaluate existing training programs, and increase the diversity of study section review panels. Public and private sponsors should create funding mechanisms with flexible career paths, and universities and professional societies should both play enhanced roles in fostering diversity. A significant push is needed to recruit minorities into nursing and provide more clinical research training for nurse-scientists, nursing students, and nursing faculty.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!