Pollution control

• Innovation in new technologies

• Expenditures for research and development

• Inventions and patents

• Implementation of new technologies—adoption by industries

• Improvements in use (“learning by doing”)—performance histories for selected technologies

Pollution prevention (source reduction)

• Innovation, implementation, and improvements in industrial processes to be less polluting

• Expenditures for research and development

• Adoption by industries

• Performance histories of selected technologies

• Trends in emissions generated per unit of product produced

• Life-cycle material-use effects, considering economywide effects through supply chain and product delivery, use, reuse, and disposal

• Number of products introduced into commerce with reduced hazardous properties

• Substitution of materials with less-polluting substances

Energy efficiency

• Innovation, implementation, and improvement in use of new technologies that enable energy efficiency in electricity generation and industrial processes

• Energy efficiency of operating units and plants

• Industry sectorwide energy use

• Life-cycle energy-use effects, considering economywide effects through supply chain and product delivery, use, reuse, and disposal

Emissions

• Trends in emissions for individual units, plants, industries, states, regions, and nation as a whole

• Relationships between emissions and unit and plant operating costs and use

• Life-cycle emission effects

Air quality

• Ambient concentrations of relevant emitted primary pollutants and pollutants formed in atmosphere over various spatial and temporal scales

• Human exposure and dose

• Mortality and disease