National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 11 Findings and Recommendations
Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2007. Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of U.S. Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11753.
×

References

ABS (American Bureau of Shipping). 2005. Demand for ice-class tankers has been steadily rising as oil export from Russians Arctic regions becomes ever more attractive. Surveyor Summer issue.

ACIA. 2005. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge University Press.

Alexander, V. 1992. Arctic marine ecosystems. Pp. 221-232 in Global Warming and Biological Diversity, R. L. Peters and T. E. Lovejoy, eds. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

AMSA (Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment of the Arctic Council). 2005. ARCOP Final Workshop, Helsinki Finland, November 16-17.

Antarctic Treaty, 1959. Available at http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/About_Antarctica/Treaty/treaty.html.

Arctic Marine Transport Workshop, 2004. Available at http://www.arctic.gov/files/AMTW_book.pdf#search=%22Arctic%20Marine%20workshop%22.

Arzel, O., T. Fichefet, and H. Goosse. 2006. Sea ice evolution over the 20th and 21st centuries as simulated by current AOGCMs. Ocean Modelling 12:401-415.

Auld, A. 2006. Military could arm coast guard ships for Arctic sovereignty mission. Canadian Press March 22, 2006. Available at http://www.canada.com/cityguides/halifax/info/story.html?id=94787053-ae11-4357-9adb-d640ff45dafc&k=874

Barrie, L. A., D. Gregor, B. Hargrave, R. Lake, D. Muir, R. Shearer, B. Tracey, and T. Bidleman. 1992. Arctic contaminants: Sources, occurrence and pathways. Science of the Total Environment 122(1-2):1-74.

BIMCO (Baltic and International Maritime Council). 2005. The Baltic and International Maritime Council Ice Handbook. Bagsværd, Denmark: BIMCO.

Booz Allen Hamilton. 2005. Polar Ice Operations Mission Analysis Report. McLean, VA: Booz Allen Hamilton.

Bottenheim, J. W., A. G. Gallant, and K. A. Brice. 1986. Measurements of NOy Species and O3 at 82 Degrees N Latitude. Geophysical Research Letters 13, (2):113-116.

Brodeur, R. D., C. E. Mills, J. E. Overland, G. E. Walters, and J. D. Schumacher. 1999. Evidence for a substantial increase in gelatinous zooplankton in the Bering Sea, with possible links to climate change. Fisheries Oceanography 8:296-306.

Brunt, K. M., O. Sergienko, and D. R. Macayeal. 2006. Observations of unusual fast-ice conditions in the Southwest Ross Sea, Antarctica: Preliminary analysis of iceberg and storminess effects. Annals of Glaciology 44.

Carmack, E. C., R. W. Macdonald, R. G. Perkin, F. A. Mclaughlin, and R. J. Pearson. 1995. Evidence for warming of Atlantic water in the southern Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean: Results from the Larsen-93 expedition. Geophysical Research Letters 22:1061-1064.

Cavalieri, D. J., C. L. Parkinson, and K. Y. Vinnikov. 2003. 30-year satellite record reveals contrasting Arctic and Antarctic decadal sea ice variability. Geophysical Research Letters 30:CRY4-1-4-4.

Comiso, J. C. 2002. A rapidly declining perennial sea ice cover in the Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters 29:17-11.

Comiso, J. C. 2003. Large-scale characteristics and variability of the global sea ice cover. Pp. 112-142 in Sea Ice - An Introduction to Its Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geology, D. N. Thomas and G. S. Dieckmann, eds. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.

Crocker, G. B. 1988. Physical Processes in Antarctic Landfast Sea Ice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University.

Eicken, H. 2003. From the microscopic to the macroscopic to the regional scale: Growth, microstructure and properties of sea ice. Pp. 22-81 in Sea Ice—An Introduction to Its Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geology, D. N. Thomas and G. S. Dieckmann, eds. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.

Francis, J. A., E. Hunter, J. R. Key, and X. Wang. 2005. Clues to variability in Arctic minimum sea ice extent. Geophysical Research Letters 32: 1-4.

Frank, S. 2000. The Northern Sea Route: Asia—Europe—Asia. Four questions for Sergey Frank, Minister of Transportation of the Russian Federation. New East International Magazine 3/4. Available at http://segodnya.spb.rus.net/3-4-00/eng/004_e.htm.

Gardner, J. V., L. A. Mayer, and A. Armstrong. 2006. Mapping submission to U.N. Law of the Sea. Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union 86 (17):157-160.

Garfield, G. 2005. Shtokman LNG project could spawn a batch of new ice-class gas carriers. TradeWinds October 28.

Garfield, G. and A. Corbett, 2005. Ice Class. TradeWinds October 28.

George, J. C., H. P. Huntington, K. Brewster, H. Eicken, D. W. Norton, and R. Glenn. 2004. Observations on shorefast ice dynamics in Arctic Alaska and the responses of the Inupiat hunting community. Arctic 57:363-374.

Gersonde, R., X. Crosta, A. Abelmann, and L. Armand. 2005. Sea-surface temperature and sea ice distribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial Maximum—A circum-Antarctic view based on siliceous microfossil records. Quaternary Science Reviews 24:869-896.

Grebmeier, J. M., and K. H. Dunton (2000). Benthic processes in the northern Bering/Chukchi Seas: Status and global change. Pp. 80-93 in Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic, H. P. Huntington, ed. Marine Mammal Commission Workshop, Girdwood, Alaska, February 15-17, 2000.

Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2007. Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of U.S. Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11753.
×

Grebmeier, J. M., et al. 2006. A major ecosystem shift in the northern Bering Sea. Science 311:1461-1464.

Haas, C. 2003. Dynamics vs. Thermodynamics: The sea ice thickness distribution. Pp. 82-111 in Sea Ice - An Introduction to Its Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geology, D. N. Thomas and G. S. Dieckmann, eds. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.

Haas, C. 2004. Late-summer sea ice thickness variability in the Arctic Transpolar Drift 1991-2001 derived from ground-based electromagnetic sounding. Geophysical Research Letters 31(L09402):09401-09405.

Hamilton, A. 1787. Federalist No. 12: The Utility of the Union in Respect to Revenue. Pp. 94-95 in The Federalist Papers, A. Hamilton, J. Madison, and J. Jay, authors. New York: Mentor-Penguin Books, 1961.

Hana, J. 2006. Climate changes increases icebreaker’s role. Navy Times, January 30.

Holland, M. M., and C. M. Bitz. 2003. Polar amplification of climate change in coupled models. Climate Dynamics 21:221-232.

Hunt, Jr, G. L. et al. 2002. Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 49:5821-5853.

Huntington, H. 2000. Native observations capture impacts of sea ice changes. Witness the Arctic 8:1-2.

Jacobs, S. S., C. F. Giulivi, and P. A. Mele. 2002. Freshening of the Ross Sea during the late 20th century. Science 297:386-389.

Jeffries, M. O., K. Morris, T. Maksym, N. Kozlenko, and T. Tin. 2001. Autumn sea ice thickness, ridging and heat flux variability in and adjacent to Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 106:4437-4448.

Johansson, B. 2004. Icebreaking state of the art. Tradewinds, December.

Krupnik, I., and D. Jolly. 2002. The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change. Arctic Research Consortium of the United States.

Lindsay, R. W., and J. Zhang. 2005. The thinning of Arctic sea ice, 1988-2003: Have we passed a tipping point? Pp. 2741-2748. 85th AMS Annual Meeting, American Meteorological Society—Combined Preprints.

MacDonald E. A. 1969. Polar Operations. Annapolis, MD: U. S. Naval Institute.

Markham, A., N. Dudley, and S. Stolton. 1993. Some like It Hot : Climate Change, Biodiversity, and the Survival of Species. Gland, Switzerland: WWF International.

Massom, R. A., et al. 2001. Snow on Antarctic sea ice. Reviews of Geophysics 39:413-445.

Mayer, L. A. 2003. Report on RV Healy cruise to the Atlantic Ocean. Durham, NH: Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center.

Mayer, L. 2004. U.S. Law of the Sea cruise to map the foot of the slope and 2500-m isobath of the US Arctic Ocean margin. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire.

Meier, W., J. Stroeve, F. Fetterer, and K. Knowles. 2005. Reductions in Arctic sea ice cover no longer limited to summer. Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union 86(36):326.

MMS (Mineral Management Service) 2006. Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources, Alaska Federal Offshore, 2006 National Assessment.

Moore, S. E., J. M. Grebmeier, and J. R. Davies. 2003. Gray whale distribution relative to forage habitat in the northern Bering Sea: Current conditions and retrospective summary. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:734-742.

Morison, J., M. Steele, and R. Andersen. 1998. Hydrography of the upper Arctic Ocean measured from the nuclear submarine U.S.S. PARGO. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 45:15-38.

Niini, M. 2000. Oil Transportation on the Northern Sea Route. Proceedings of ICETECH 2000, 6th International Conference on Ships and Marine Structures in Cold Regions, St. Petersburg, Russia September 12-14.

NRC (National Research Council ). 2002. Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

NRC. 2004. A Vision for the International Polar Year 2007-2008. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

NRC. 2006. Toward an Integrated Arctic Observing Network. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

NSC/NSDD-90 (National Security Council-National Security Decision Directive 90). 1994. Review of U.S. Arctic Policy. Washington, D.C.: National Security Council.

NSF (National Science Foundation), 1997. Report of the U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.

NSF (National Science Foundation), Office of Polar Programs Advisory Committee. 2005. Report of the Subcommittee on U.S. Antarctic Program Resupply. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/opp_advisory/final_report/oac_resupply_report_081205.pdf.

NSIDC (National Snow and Ice Data Center). 2006. Web page: http://www.nsidc.org.

NSTC (National Science and Technology Council). 1996. U.S. Antarctic Program, Committee on Fundamental Science, NSTC (Appendix IV). Available at http://128.150.4.107/pubs/1996/nstc96rp/start.htm.

Ögütçü, M. 2003. China’s Worldwide Quest for Energy Security, International Energy Agency, 83 p.

Oltmans, S. J. 1981. Surface ozone measurements in clean air. Journal of Geophysical Research 86(C2):1174-1180.

Overland, J. E., and P. Stabeno. 2004. Is the climate of the Bering Sea warming and affecting the ecosystem? Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union OS 85:309-310, 312.

Overpeck, J., et al. 2005. Arctic system on trajectory to new, seasonally ice-free state. Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union 86:309, 312-313.

Pagnan, J. L., 2003. The Impact of Climate Change on Arctic Tourism—a Preliminary Review: Available at http://www.world-tourism.org/sustainable/climate/pres/jeanne-pagnan.pdf#search=%22pagnan%202003%22

PAME (Arctic Council Working Group on the Protection of Arctic Marine Environment). 2004. Guidelines for Transfer of Refined Oil and Oil Products in Arctic Waters (TROOP). Akureyri, Iceland: PAME.

PDD/NSC-26 (Presidential Decision Directive/National Security Council 26). 1996. U.S. Antarctica Policy, March 9, 1996. Available at http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd26.htm.

Perovich, D. K., T. C. Grenfell, J. A. Richter-Menge, B. Light, W. B. Tucker III, and H. Eicken. 2003. Thin and thinner: Sea ice mass balance measurements during SHEBA. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 108:26-21.

PIRS (Polar Icebreaker Requirements Study). 1984. United States Interagency Report. Washington, D.C.: USCG.

PIRS (Polar Icebreaker Requirements Study). 1990. United States Interagency Report. October 1990.

Portmann, R. W., S. Solomon, R. R. Garcia, L. W. Thomason, L. R. Poole, and M. P. Mccormick. 1996. Role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone depletion in the polar regions. Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres 101:22991-23006.

Presidential Memorandum. 1982. No. 6466 Regarding Antarctica. February 5. Washington, D.C.

Putkonen J., and G. Roe. 2003. Rain-on-snow events impact soil temperatures and affect ungulate survival. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(4):1188, doi: 10.1029/2002GL016326.

Rothrock, D. A., J. Zhang, and Y. Yu. 2003. The arctic ice thickness anomaly of the 1990s: A consistent view from observations and models. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 108:28-21.

Rothrock, D. A., and J. Zhang. 2005. Arctic Ocean sea ice volume: What explains its recent depletion? Journal of Geophysical Research 110:C01002, doi:10.1029/2004JC002282.

Science. 2005. Shift in icebreaking fleet could crunch NSF budget. 307: 1401.

Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2007. Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of U.S. Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11753.
×

Science, Technology, Physics, Space News. 2004. West Antarctic Glaciers Are Increasingly Thinning. Available at http://www.physorg.com/news1321.html.

Search. 2005. Study of Environmental Arctic Change: Plans for implementation During the International Polar Year and Beyond, p. 104. Arctic Research Consortium of the United States.

Siegert, M. J., J. C. Ellis-Evans, M. Tranter, C. Mayer, J. R. Petit, A. Salamatin, and J. C. Priscu. 2001. Physical, chemical and biological processes in Lake Vostok and other Antarctic subglacial lakes. Nature 414:603-609.

Siegert, M. J., S. Carter, I. Tabaco, S. Popov, and D. D. Blankenship. 2005. A revised inventory of Antarctic subglacial lakes. Antarctic Science 17:453-460.

SPLOS/73. 2001. Report of the Eleventh Meeting of States Parties: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. New York, 14-18 May.

Stabeno, P. J., and J. E. Overland. 2001. Bering Sea shifts toward an earlier spring transition. Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union 82:317,321.

State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources. 2006. Web page: http://www.dog.dnr.state.ak.us/oil/products/publications/northslope/northslope.htm

Steele, M., and T. Boyd. 1998. Retreat of the cold halocline layer in the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 103:10419-10435.

Stroeve, J. C., et al. 2005. Tracking the Arctic’s shrinking ice cover: Another extreme September minimum in 2004. Geophysical Research Letters 32:1-4.

Tucker III, W. B., J. W. Weatherly, D. T. Eppler, L. D. Farmer, and D. L. Bentley. 2001. Evidence for rapid thinning of sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean at the end of the 1980s. Geophysical Research Letters 28:2851-2854.

U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel. 1997. The United States in Antarctica. Available at http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/antpanel.

Wadhams, P. 1998. Sea ice morphology. Pp. 231-288 in Physics of Ice-Covered Seas, M. Lepparanta, ed. Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki University Press.

Wadhams, P., and M. A. Lange. 1987. The ice thickness distribution across the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic Ocean in midwinter. Journal of Geophysical Research 92:14535-14552.

Wingham, D. J., M. J. Siegert, A. P. Shepherd, and A. S. Muir. 2006. Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes. Nature 4440(7087):1033-1036.

Worby, A. P., and X. Wu. 1998. East Antarctic sea ice: Observations and modeling. Annals of Glaciology 27:427-432.

Zhang, X., and J. E. Walsh. 2006. Toward a seasonally ice-covered arctic: Scenarios from the IPCC AR4 model simulations. Journal of Climate 19: 1730-1747.

Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2007. Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of U.S. Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11753.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2007. Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of U.S. Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11753.
×
Page 103
Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2007. Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of U.S. Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11753.
×
Page 104
Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2007. Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of U.S. Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11753.
×
Page 105
Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2007. Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of U.S. Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11753.
×
Page 106
Next: Appendix A: Statement of Task »
Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of U.S. Needs Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $46.00 Buy Ebook | $36.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The United States has enduring national and strategic interests in the polar regions, including citizens living above the Arctic circle and three year-round scientific stations in the Antarctic. Polar icebreaking ships are needed to access both regions. Over the past several decades, the U.S. government has supported a fleet of four icebreakers—three multi-mission U.S. Coast Guard ships (the POLAR SEA, POLAR STAR, and HEALY) and the National Science Foundation's PALMER, which is dedicated solely to scientific research. Today, the POLAR STAR and the POLAR SEA are at the end of their service lives, and a lack of funds and no plans for an extension of the program has put U.S. icebreaking capability at risk. This report concludes that the United States should continue to support its interests in the Arctic and Antarctic for multiple missions, including maintaining leadership in polar science. The report recommends that the United States immediately program, budget, design, and construct two new polar icebreakers to be operated by the U.S. Coast Guard. The POLAR SEA should remain mission capable and the POLAR STAR should remain available for reactivation until the new polar icebreakers enter service. The U.S. Coast Guard should be provided sufficient operations and maintenance budget to support an increased, regular, and influential presence in the Arctic, with support from other agencies. The report also calls for a Presidential Decision Directive to clearly align agency responsibilities and budgetary authorities.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!