• Evaluating development of school-age children exposed to variable EPA/DHA levels in utero and postnatally with measures of distractibility, disruptive behavior, and oppositional defiant behavior, as well as more commonly assessed cognitive outcomes and more sophisticated tests of visual function.

Recommendation 4: Additional data is needed to better define optimum intake levels of EPA/DHA for infants and toddlers.

Recommendation 5: Better-designed studies about EPA/DHA supplementation in children with behavioral disorders are needed.

Recommendation 6: In the absence of meta-analyses that systematically combine quantitative data from multiple studies, further meta-analyses and larger randomized trials are needed to assess outcomes other than cardiovascular, in particular total mortality, in order to explore possible adverse health effects of EPA/DHA supplementation.

Recommendation 7: Additional clinical research is needed to assess a potential effect of seafood consumption and/or EPA/DHA supplementation on stroke, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and depression.

Recommendation 8: Future epidemiological studies should assess intake of specific species of seafood and/or biomarkers, in order to differentiate the health effects of EPA/DHA from those of contaminants, such as methylmercury.

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