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Federal Advisories
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Mercury risks
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FDA, US EPA
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Mass media, broadcast
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Females of childbearing age, infants, and children
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Insufficient evaluation of market impact
Suggestion of spillover effects, including possible stigmatization of seafood (Levy and Derby, 2000; Davidson, 2004)
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State Advisories
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Risks: 30 percent on mercury
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State health and environmental agencies
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Brochures, government websites, signs
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Various
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Evaluations suggest limited effectiveness
One-fifth to one-half of sports fishers are aware of state or local advisories in studies of advisory effectiveness (Burger and Waishwell, 2001; Anderson et al., 2004)
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Regulated Point-of- Purchase Information
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Nutritional information, country of origin, risk
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Safeway, Albertson’s, Wal-Mart, Whole Foods, etc.
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Point-of-purchase placards, shelf tags, pamphlets/brochures; individual food wrappers and stickers on the outside of food
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All consumers
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Suggestion that these displays can increase market share of product by 1–2 percent over 2 years (Cowburn and Stockley, 2003)
No specific evaluations of point-of-purchase displays of mercury in seafood; evaluations of point-of-purchase displays for seafood source suggest false claims are made regarding origin (Burger et al., 2004)
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Labeling
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Types of seafood and how much to consume; nutritional information and risks
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Retailers
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Point-of-purchase placards, shelf tags, pamphlets/brochures; individual food wrappers and stickers on the outside of food
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All consumers
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Most consumers claim to look at nutrition labels at least sometimes, but actual use is less widespread (Cowburn and Stockley, 2003)
No specific evaluation of seafood labels—limited labeling requirements
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