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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
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INDEX

A

Acinetobacter baumannii, 3, 29

concerns regarding, 185186

Active tuberculosis, 140142

clinical manifestations of active TB, 141142

coinfection with TB and HIV, 142

diagnosis, 140141

primary TB vs reactivation TB, 140

relapse, 144

sufficient evidence of a causal relationship involving, 4, 142, 144

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5

treatment, 142

Acute Al Eskan disease, 182

Acute brucellosis, 114115

diagnosis, 114115

Acute Campylobacter infection, 103104

diagnosis during and after, 104

Guillain-Barré syndrome, 104105

long-term adverse health outcomes, 104107

reactive arthritis, 106107

treatment, 104

uveitis, 107

Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), 151, 154

Acute idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia, 183

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), 105, 127128

Acute leishmaniasis, 120121

Acute malaria, 125

Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), 105

Acute nontyphoidal Salmonella infection, 109

diagnosis, 109

Salmonella bacteremia, 109

Salmonella gastroenteritis, 109

treatment, 109

Acute Q fever, 130131

atypical presentations, 131

Coxiella burnetii hepatitis, 130131

Coxiella burnetii pneumonia, 130

treatment for, and related long-term toxicity, 131

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 83

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
×

Acute Shigella infection, 111

diagnosis, 111

treatment, 111

Acute West Nile fever, 151

Adverse health outcomes. See Long-term adverse health outcomes

AFP. See Acute flaccid paralysis

AIDP. See Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

AIDS, 190.

See also Coinfections with HIV

Al Eskan disease, 2829, 181183

description of acute illness, 182

long-term adverse health outcomes, 182

pathogenesis, 182

treatment, 183

AMAN. See Acute motor axonal neuropathy

Amnesia, limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6

Ankylosing spondylitis, 110111

Anopheles mosquito, 124

Anthrax, 194

Antimicrobial susceptibility, 65

ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 85, 182

Army Medical Surveillance Activity, 61, 82

Arthritis

in chronic brucellosis, 116

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 116

Attributions to military service in southwest and south-central Asia, 2426

B

Background, 916

charge to the Committee on Gulf War and Health:Infectious Diseases, 13, 1516

identifying infectious diseases to study, 1314

Bacterial diseases, 2, 2122, 2526, 3644

antibiotic-resistant or common nosocomial infections, 44

endemic to southwest and south-central Asia that have long-term adverse health outcomes, 3644

more prevalent in southwest and south-central Asia than in the US, 3641

not more prevalent in southwest and south-central Asia than in the US, 4244

of special concern to US troops or veterans, 41

against which all military personnel were immunized and vaccines are highly or fully protective, 41

against which all military personnel were immunized and vaccines are partly protective, 42

BAMC. See Brooke Army Medical Center

Benign intracranial hypertension, 131

Biologic-warfare (BW) agents, 29, 193194

Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC), 8687, 185186

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
×

Brucellosis, 1, 3, 112118

acute, 114115

chronic, 115118

coinfection, 115

diagnosis in US troops serving in the Gulf War, OEF, or OIF, 8485

limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 117

long-term adverse health outcomes, 115118

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 116117

transmission and endemicity, 113114

treatment for, and related long-term toxicity, 115

BW. See Biologic-warfare agents

C

Campylobacter infection, 1, 3, 103107

acute illness, 103104

endemicity in southwest and south-central Asia, 103

limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 107

transmission, 103

Cardiovascular system infections

in chronic brucellosis, 117

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 117

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 61, 110

Chicken pox (varicella), diagnosis in US troops serving in the Gulf War, OEF, or OIF, 85

Choroiditis, multifocal, 6, 117

Chronic brucellosis, 115118

arthritis, 116

cardiovascular system infections, 117

diagnosis, 115

genitourinary tract manifestations, 117

hepatic involvement, 116

major manifestations, 115118

neurologic involvement, 116117

ophthalmologic involvement, 117

other symptoms, 118

respiratory system infections, 118

Chronic hepatitis, sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 134

Chronic osteomyelitis, 187

Chronic sequelae of Coxiella burnetii infection, 132135

chronic hepatitis, 134

endocarditis, 133

osteomyelitis, 134

post-Q fever fatigue syndrome, 134135

vascular infection, 134

CL. See Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Clinical manifestations of active TB, 141142

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
×

extrapulmonary, 141142

pulmonary, 141

tuberculosis pleurisy, 142

Coinfections with brucellosis, 115

Coinfections with HIV

active tuberculosis, 142

Coxiella burnetii, 131132

leishmaniasis, 122

malaria, 126

nontyphoidal Salmonella infection, 109110

Plasmodium spp., 126

Combat Support Hospital, 187

Committee on Gulf War and Health:

Infectious Diseases, 1

approach to its charge, 1516

charge to, 13

Complications, of acute Q fever, 132

Conclusions, 47

inadequate or insufficient evidence to determine whether an association exists, 6

limited or suggestive evidence of an association, 6

limited or suggestive evidence of no association, 7

sufficient evidence of a causal relationship, 4

sufficient evidence of an association, 56

Coxiella burnetii infections

chronic sequelae of, 1, 132135

hepatitis, 130131

limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 135

pneumonia, 130

sufficient evidence of a causal relationship involving, 4, 134

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 133134

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), 118

in the Gulf War, 7980

in OEF and OIF, 8081

D

Deafness, limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 117

Demyelinating meningovascular syndromes, limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 117

Demyelinating polyneuropathy

acute inflammatory, 105, 127128

limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 128

Department of Defense (DOD), 7, 61, 88, 91, 145

Deployment Health Support, 15

medical databases, 28, 9193, 191

policies on tuberculin skin testing, 7

policy regarding predeployment and postdeployment serum collection, 7, 9394

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
×

Serum Repository, 93

Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 1, 11, 19, 61, 155, 187

Occupational and Environmental Health Strategic Healthcare Group, 15

Depression, limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6

Desert Storm pneumonitis, 181

Detection, of tuberculosis transmission, 136

Development

of conclusions, 34

of inclusion criteria, 23

Diagnosis

active TB, 140141

acute brucellosis, 114115

acute Campylobacter infection, 104

acute nontyphoidal Salmonella infection, 109

acute Shigella infection, 111

chronic brucellosis, 115

latent tuberculosis infection, 136

leishmaniasis, 121

Q fever, 131

West Nile fever, 151152

Diarrheal diseases, 1, 6273, 103112

Campylobacter infection, 103107

diagnosis in US troops serving in the Gulf War, OEF, or OIF, 6273

enteric infections in the Gulf War, 6269

gastroenteritis in OEF and OIF, 6973

nontyphoidal Salmonella infection, 108110

Shigella infection, 110112

Diseases, unreported, 25

Diseases and etiologic agents considered by the Committee for evaluation, 2124

bacterial diseases, 2122

fungal diseases, 22

helminthic diseases, 2223

miscellaneous diseases, 2324

protozoan diseases, 23

viral diseases, 23

Diseases and etiologic agents of special interest to Gulf War, OEF, and OIF veterans, 181194

Al Eskan disease, 181183

bacterial diseases, 41

biologic-warfare agents, 193194

comments on, 2829

idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia, 183184

mycoplasmas, 190193

sexually transmitted diseases, 5758

wound and nosocomial infections, 184185

Diseases excluded from in-depth study

Escherichia coli, 28

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
×

reasons for, 28

sand fly fever, 28

DOD. See Department of Defense

E

ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing

Encephalitis

St. Louis, 149

West Nile, 151

Endemicity in southwest and south-central Asia, 2, 15, 2526, 120

brucellosis, 113114

Campylobacter infection, 103

malaria, 124125

nontyphoidal Salmonella infection, 109

Q fever, 130

Shigella infection, 111

tuberculosis, 137

West Nile virus infection, 150

Endocarditis, 117

sequelae of Coxiella burnetii infection, 133

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 133

Enteric Disease Research Program (US Navy), 69

Enteric infections in the Gulf War, 6269

among ground troops, 6268

among shipboard military personnel, 6869

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), 2

characterization of, 6465

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing, 67, 84, 114115, 131

Epidemiologic investigations

among ground troops in the Gulf War, 66

of gastroenteritis in OEF and OIF, 6971

Episcleritis, limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 117

Escherichia coli

pathogenic, 13

reasons for excluding from in-depth study, 28

ETEC. See Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Etiology. See Diseases and etiologic agents

Exclusions. See Diseases excluded from in-depth study

Extrapulmonary TB, 141142

late manifestations, 143144

F

Fatigue and inattention, limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
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FDA. See Food and Drug Administration

First Marine Expeditionary Force, 72

Focal neurologic deficits, West Nile virus-positive patients with, 154

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 85, 136, 187

Fungal diseases, 22

G

Gastroenteritis in OEF and OIF, 6973

epidemiologic investigations, 6971

laboratory analysis, 7173

GBS. See Guillain-Barré syndrome

Genitourinary tract manifestations, in chronic brucellosis, 117

Geographic boundaries, 1920

Giardia lamblia, 68

Glomerulonephritis, immune-complex, 5

Ground troops in the Gulf War

with enteric infections, 6268

with mild acute respiratory disease, 7475

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), 127128

in acute Campylobacter infection, 104105

limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 117, 128

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 105

Gulf War, 13, 11, 15, 103

instance of leishmaniasis, 7880

malaria in, 82

nosocomial infections in, 85

Q fever contracted during, 89

severe acute respiratory disease in, 76

West Nile fever in, 84

Gulf War and Health series, 4, 11, 101

"Gulf War Illness" (GWI), 13

and mycoplasmas, 191193

H

Helminthic diseases, 2, 2223, 25

endemic to southwest and south-central Asia that have long-term adverse health outcomes, 5355

Hematologic complications

of infection with Plasmodium spp., 126

sufficient evidence of a causal relationship involving, 4, 126

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), 112

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 112

Hemoptysis, 141

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
×

Hepatic abnormalities

in chronic brucellosis, 116

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 116

Hepatitis. See Chronic hepatitis

HIV. See Coinfections with HIV

HLA-B27 gene, 106107

HUS. See Hemolytic uremic syndrome

I

IAEP. See Idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia

IARC. See International Agency for Research on Cancer

ICD. See International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM)

Idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia (IAEP), 2829, 183184

acute, 183

long-term adverse health outcomes, 183184

pathogenesis, 184

treatment, 184

Immune-complex glomerulonephritis, sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 128

Immunofluorescence assay (IFA), 131132

Inadequate or insufficient evidence to determine whether an association exists, 6, 31

Infectious diseases diagnosed in US troops who served in the Gulf War, OEF, or OIF, 6194

brucellosis, 8485

chicken pox (varicella), 85

and Department of Defense Medical Databases, 9193

and Department of Defense policy regarding predeployment and postdeployment serum collection, 9394

diarrheal diseases, 6273

insect-borne diseases, 7884

meningococcal disease, 85

nosocomial infections, 8588

Q fever, 8890

respiratory disease, 7378

tuberculosis, 9091

viral hepatitis, 90

Infectious diseases endemic to southwest and south-central Asia that have long-term adverse health outcomes, 2024, 3560

bacterial diseases, 3644

helminthic diseases, 5355

protozoan diseases, 5052

sexually transmitted diseases, 5658

viral diseases, 4549

Infectious diseases identified for study, 1314, 1929

direct attribution to military service in southwest and south-central Asia, 2426

diseases and agents of special interest to Gulf War, OEF, and OIF veterans, 2829

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
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endemic to southwest and south-central Asia that have long-term adverse health outcomes, 2024

geographic boundaries, 1920

for strength of association with long-term adverse health outcomes, 2728

timing of appearance of long-term adverse health outcomes, 27

Infectious diseases to be studied for strength of association with long-term adverse health outcomes, 2728

Insect-borne diseases, 7884

diagnosis in US troops serving in the Gulf War, OEF, or OIF, 7884

leishmaniasis, 7882

malaria, 8284

West Nile fever, 84

Institute of Medicine (IOM), 1, 4, 11, 13, 28, 30, 91, 101

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 4, 30

International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), 9193, 141

IOM. See Institute of Medicine

K

Keratitis, nummular, 6, 117

Kuwait, Iraqi invasion of, 9

L

Laboratory analysis

among ground troops in the Gulf War, 6265

of enteric infections in the Gulf War, 6265

of gastroenteritis in OEF and OIF, 7173

Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (LRMC), 8688, 186

Late manifestations of active tuberculosis, 142144

extrapulmonary tuberculosis, 143144

pulmonary tuberculosis, 143

relapse of active TB, 144

spinal tuberculosis and long-term neurologic disability, 144

tuberculosis meningitis and long-term neurologic disability, 143144

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), 7, 137, 142, 145

diagnosis, 136

Leishmaniasis, 3, 13, 7882, 118123

acute, 120121

coinfection with HIV, 122

diagnosis, 121

endemicity in southwest and south-central Asia, 120

in the Gulf War, 7880

long-term adverse health outcomes, 122123

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
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in OEF and OIF, 8082

transmission, 119120

treatment for, and related long-term toxicity, 121122

Levels of association between select diseases and long-term adverse health outcomes, 101155

brucellosis, 112118

diarrheal diseases, 103112

leishmaniasis, 118123

malaria, 123129

Q fever, 129135

tuberculosis, 135149

West Nile virus infection, 149155

Limited or suggestive evidence of an association, 6, 31

involving amnesia, 6

involving brucellosis, 6, 117

involving Campylobacter infection, 6, 107

involving Coxiella burnetii infections, 6, 135

involving deafness, 6, 117

involving demyelinating meningovascular syndromes, 6, 117

involving demyelinating polyneuropathy, 6, 128

involving depression, 6

involving episcleritis, 6, 117

involving fatigue and inattention, 6

involving Guillain-Barré syndrome, 6, 117, 128

involving multifocal choroiditis, 6, 117

involving myelitis-radiculoneuritis, 6, 117

involving neurologic and neuropsychiatric complications, 6, 128

involving nummular keratitis, 6, 117

involving optic neuritis, 6, 117

involving papilledema, 6, 117

involving Plasmodium falciparum infections, 6, 128

involving Plasmodium vivax infections, 6, 128

involving post-Q fever fatigue syndrome, 6, 135

involving sensorineural hearing loss, 6, 117

involving uveitis, 6, 107

Limited or suggestive evidence of no association, 7, 31

Literature

amassing, 29

review and evaluation of, 34, 2930

selection of, 29

Long-term adverse health outcomes, 24

of acute Campylobacter infection, 104107

of Al Eskan disease, 182

of brucellosis, 115118

definition, 2

of idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia, 183184

of infection with Plasmodium spp., 126129

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
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of infection with West Nile virus, 152154

of leishmaniasis, 122123

of nontyphoidal Salmonella infection, 110

of Q fever, 132135

of Shigella infection, 111112

of visceral leishmaniasis, 122123

Long-term neurologic disability

in patients with West Nile neurologic disease, 154

in spinal tuberculosis, 144

in tuberculosis, 143144

Long-term toxicity. See Treatments with related long-term toxicity

LRMC. See Landstuhl Regional Medical Center

LTBI. See Latent tuberculosis infection

M

Malaria (infection by Plasmodium spp), 1, 3, 8284, 123129

acute, 125

coinfection with HIV, 126

endemicity in southwest and south-central Asia, 124125

in the Gulf War, 82

long-term adverse health outcomes, 126129

in OEF and OIF, 8284

relapse and recrudescence, 128129

sufficient evidence of a causal relationship involving, 4, 126, 128129

transmission, 124

treatment for, and related long-term toxicity, 125126

Meningitis

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 117

tuberculosis and long-term neurologic disability, 143144

West Nile, 151

Meningococcal disease, diagnosis in US troops serving in the Gulf War, OEF, or OIF, 85

Meningoencephalitis, 152

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 117

Methodology, 14, 1931

categories of strength of association, 3031

development of conclusions, 34

identifying the infectious diseases to study, 1929

identifying the pathogens to study, 23

reasons for excluding two diseases from in-depth study, 28

review and evaluation of the literature, 2930

MFS. See Miller-Fisher syndrome

Mild acute respiratory disease in the Gulf War, 7376

among ground troops, 7475

among shipboard military personnel, 76

Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS), 105

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
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Multiple drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, anticipating, 149

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, 1, 7

anticipating multiple drug-resistant, 149

sufficient evidence of a causal relationship involving, 4, 142

Mycoplasmas, 2829, 190193

and "Gulf War Illness," 191193

Myelitis-radiculoneuritis, limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 117

N

National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 1

National Library of Medicine, 29

National Naval Medical Center, 186

National Reference Center for Rickettsial Diseases (France), 132

Neurologic and neuropsychiatric complications. See also Long-term neurologic disability

of chronic brucellosis, 116117

of infection with Plasmodium spp., 127128

limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 128

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 117

of West Nile disease, 150151

NGT. See Nuclear gene tracking

Nontyphoidal Salmonella infection, 1, 108110

acute illness, 109

coinfection with nontyphoidal Salmonellae and HIV, 109110

endemicity in southwest and south-central Asia, 109

long-term adverse health outcomes, 110

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 110

transmission, 108

Norovirus (NV), 71

among ground troops in the Gulf War, 67

Nosocomial infections, 8588, 184185

antibiotic-resistant or common, 44

diagnosis in US troops serving in the Gulf War, OEF, or OIF, 8588

Nuclear gene tracking (NGT), 192193

Nummular keratitis, limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 117

NV. See Norovirus

O

ODSh. See Operation Desert Shield

ODSt. See Operation Desert Storm

OEF. See Operation Enduring Freedom

OIF. See Operation Iraqi Freedom

Operation Desert Shield (ODSh), 9, 61, 85, 90, 181

Operation Desert Storm (ODSt), 9, 61, 85, 8990, 181

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
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Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), 13, 11, 19, 35, 61, 78, 8688, 90, 103

Brooke Army Medical Center, 8687

Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, 8788

leishmaniasis in, 8082

malaria in, 8284

nosocomial infections in, 8688

Q fever contracted during, 8990

Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 8788

West Nile fever in, 84

Ophthalmologic complications

of chronic brucellosis, 117

of infection with Plasmodium spp., 126127

sufficient evidence of a causal relationship involving, 4, 127

Optic neuritis, limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 117

Orchioepididymitis, sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 117

Osteomyelitis, 189

chronic, 187

sequelae of Coxiella burnetii infection, 134

sufficient evidence of a causal relationship involving, 4, 134

P

Papilledema, limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 117

Pathogenesis

of Al Eskan disease, 182

of idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia, 184

Pathogens, identified for study, 23

Persian Gulf War. See Gulf War

Persian Gulf War Veterans Act, 1, 1112, 24

PFTs. See Pulmonary function tests

PKLD. See Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis

Plasmodium falciparum infections

limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 128

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 129

Plasmodium malariae infections, sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 128

Plasmodium vivax infections, limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 128

Pleurisy, 141

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 123

Post-Q fever fatigue syndrome

limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 135

sequelae of Coxiella burnetii infection, 134135

Potential relationships between tuberculosis and military service, 144149

anticipating multiple drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, 149

promotion of tuberculin skin testing, 145149

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
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Pre-existing conditions, 27

Prevalence in southwest and south-central Asia, 2

bacterial diseases, 3644

sexually transmitted diseases, 5657

viral diseases, 4549

Primary infections, 3

Primary TB, vs reactivation TB, 140

Protozoan diseases, 2, 23, 25

endemic to southwest and south-central Asia that have long-term adverse health outcomes, 5052

PubMed, 29

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), 143

Pulmonary TB, 141

late manifestations of, 143

Pyothorax, 143

Q

Q fever (infection by Coxiella burnetii), 3, 8890, 129135

acute, 130131

coinfection with HIV, 131132

diagnosis in US troops serving in the Gulf War, OEF, or OIF, 8890, 131

endemicity in southwest and south-central Asia, 130

long-term adverse health outcomes, 132135

transmission of Coxiella burnetii, 129130

R

ReA. See Reactive arthritis

Reactivation TB, vs primary TB, 140

Reactive arthritis (ReA), 110112

in acute Campylobacter infection, 106107

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 107, 110, 112

Regional experiences in non-Americans, with wound and nosocomial infections, 188190

Reiter's syndrome, 106

Relapse and recrudescence, of malaria, 128129

Renal complications

of infection with Plasmodium spp., 128

sufficient evidence of a causal relationship involving, 4

Resistance in the World: Anti-TB Drug Prevalence and Trends, 149

Respiratory system infections

in chronic brucellosis, 118

diagnosis in US troops serving in the Gulf War, OEF, or OIF, 7378

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 118

Reviewing the literature, 2930

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
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S

Salmonella infection, 3, 108110.

See also Nontyphoidal Salmonella infection

acute illness, 109

bacteremia, 109

coinfection with HIV, 109110

endemicity in southwest and south-central Asia, 109

gastroenteritis, 109

long-term adverse health outcomes, 110

transmission, 108

Sand fly fever, 13

reasons for excluding from in-depth study, 28

Sensorineural hearing loss, limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 117

Serum agglutination test (SAT), 114

Severe acute respiratory disease in the Gulf War, 76

Sexually transmitted diseases, 5658

Shigella infection, 1, 3, 13, 71, 110112

acute illness, 111

among ground troops in the Gulf War, 6667

endemicity in southwest and south-central Asia, 111

long-term adverse health outcomes, 111112

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 112

transmission, 110

Shipboard military personnel

enteric infections in the Gulf War among, 6869

mild acute respiratory disease in the Gulf War among, 76

Silicosis, 182183

Southwest and south-central Asia.

See also Endemicity in southwest and south-central Asia;

Prevalence in southwest and south-central Asia

map of, 20

Special interest diseases. See Diseases and agents of special interest to Gulf War, OEF, and OIF veterans

Spinal tuberculosis, and long-term neurologic disability, 144

Spondylitis, 116

ankylosing, 110111

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 116

St. Louis encephalitis virus, 149, 154

Strength of association categories, 3031

inadequate or insufficient evidence to determine whether an association exists, 6, 31

limited or suggestive evidence of an association, 6, 31

limited or suggestive evidence of no association, 7, 31

sufficient evidence of a causal relationship, 4, 30

sufficient evidence of an association, 56, 31

Strength of the evidence, assessing, 4

Subacute infections, 27

Sufficient evidence of a causal relationship, 4, 30

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
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involving active TB, 4, 142, 144

involving Coxiella burnetii infections, 4, 134

involving hematologic complications, 4, 126

involving malarial infection, 4, 126, 128129

involving Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, 4, 142

involving ophthalmologic complications, 4, 127

involving osteomyelitis, 4, 134

involving renal complications, 4

Sufficient evidence of an association, 56, 31

involving active TB, 5

involving arthritis and spondylitis, 5, 116

involving brucellosis, 5, 116117

involving cardiovascular system infections, 5, 117

involving chronic hepatitis, 5, 134

involving Coxiella burnetii infections, 5, 133134

involving endocarditis, 5, 133

involving Guillain-Barré syndrome, 5, 105

involving hemolytic uremic syndrome, 5, 112

involving hepatic abnormalities, 5, 116

involving immune-complex glomerulonephritis, 5, 128

involving meningitis and meningoencephalitis, 5, 117

involving neurologic and neuropsychiatric complications, 5, 117

involving nontyphoidal Salmonella infection, 5, 110

involving orchioepididymitis, 5, 117

involving Plasmodium falciparum infections, 5, 129

involving Plasmodium malariae infections, 5, 128

involving post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, 5, 123

involving reactive arthritis, 5, 107, 110, 112

involving respiratory system infections, 5, 118

involving Shigella infection, 5, 112

involving uveitis, 5, 117

involving vascular infection, 5, 134

involving visceral leishmaniasis, 5, 123

involving West Nile virus infection, 6, 154

T

TB. See Tuberculosis

Timing of appearance of long-term adverse health outcomes, 27

Toxicity. See Treatments with related long-term toxicity

Transmission

of brucellosis, 113114

of Campylobacter infection, 103

of Coxiella burnetii, 129130

of leishmaniasis, 119120

of malaria, 124

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
×

of nontyphoidal Salmonella infection, 108

of Shigella infection, 110

of tuberculosis, 135136

of West Nile virus infection, 150

Treatments

of active TB, 142

of acute Campylobacter infection, 104

of acute nontyphoidal Salmonella infection, 109

of acute Shigella infection, 111

of Al Eskan disease, 183

of idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia, 184

of latent tuberculosis infection, 140

of West Nile virus infection, 152

Treatments with related long-term toxicity

of acute Q fever, 131

of brucellosis, 115

of leishmaniasis, 121122

of malaria, 125126

Tuberculin skin testing (TSTs)

Department of Defense policies on, 7

promotion of, 145149

Tuberculosis meningitis, and long-term neurologic disability, 143144

Tuberculosis pleurisy, 142

Tuberculosis (TB), 1, 3, 135149

active, 140142

diagnosis in US troops serving in the Gulf War, OEF and OIF, 9091

endemicity in southwest and south-central Asia, 137

late manifestations, 142144

potential relationships with military service, 144149

risk of progression from latent tuberculosis infection to active tuberculosis, 137140

transmission, 135136

treatment for latent tuberculosis infection to prevent active tuberculosis, 140

U

Unreported diseases, 25

US Navy Forward Laboratory, 83

US Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs, Special Investigation Unit on Persian Gulf War Illness, 192

US troops

levels of, 10, 14

living conditions of, 61

personal hygiene among, 66

USNS Comfort, 186

USNS Mercy, 62, 68, 76

Uveitis

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
×

in acute Campylobacter infection, 107

limited or suggestive evidence of an association involving, 6, 107

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 117

V

VA. See Department of Veterans Affairs

Varicella, 85

Vascular infection

sequelae of Coxiella burnetii infection, 134

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 134

Veterans Programs Enhancement Act, 1, 1112, 24

Viral diseases, 2, 23, 2526, 4549

endemic to southwest and south-central Asia that have long-term adverse health outcomes, 4549

more prevalent in southwest and south-central Asia than in the US, 4546

potentially more prevalent among troops in southwest and south-central Asia than in the US population, 4649

Viral hepatitis, diagnosis in US troops serving in the Gulf War, OEF, or OIF, 90

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), 78, 118

in OEF and OIF, 8182

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 5, 123

Viscerotropic leishmaniasis (VTL), 78

in the Gulf War, 79

VL. See Visceral leishmaniasis

VTL. See Viscerotropic leishmaniasis

W

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 15

Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC), 78, 80, 8788, 186187

West Nile encephalitis (WNE), 151

West Nile meningitis (WNM), 151

West Nile neurologic disease (WNND), 150151, 153

West Nile virus (WNV) infection, 1, 3, 84, 149155

acute, 151

diagnosis, 151152

endemicity in southwest and south-central Asia, 150

in the Gulf War, 84

long-term adverse health outcomes, 152154

in OEF and OIF, 84

sufficient evidence of an association involving, 6, 154

transmission, 150

treatment, 152

WHO. See World Health Organization

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11765.
×

WNE. See West Nile encephalitis

WNM. See West Nile meningitis

WNND. See West Nile neurologic disease

WNV. See West Nile virus infection

World Health Organization (WHO), 30, 149

Wound infections, 29, 184187

concerns regarding Acinetobacter baumannii, 185186

regional experiences in non-Americans, 188190

Wounded-to-killed ratios, 184

WRAMC. See Walter Reed Army Medical Center

Z

Zoonotic diseases, 84, 88, 113, 120

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Infectious diseases have been a problem for military personnel throughout history. The consequences in previous conflicts have ranged from frequent illnesses disrupting daily activities and readiness to widespread deaths. Preventive measures, early diagnosis, and treatment greatly limit the exposures and acute illnesses of troops today in comparison with those in armies of the past, but infections and consequent acute illnesses still occur.

Thousands of US veterans of the Persian Gulf War have reported an array of unexplained illnesses since the war ended in 1991. Many veterans have believed that the illnesses were associated with their military service in southwest Asia during the war. This volume of Gulf War and Health evaluates the scientific literature on chemical, biologic, and physical agents to which military personnel in the gulf were potentially exposed and possible long-term adverse health outcomes.

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