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A Review of the Draft Ocean Research Priorities Plan:
Charting the Course for Ocean Science in the United States
Committee to Review the JSOST Research Priorities Plan
Ocean Studies Board
Division on Earth and Life Studies
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the
National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the
committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for
appropriate balance.
This study was supported by a contract between the National Academy of Sciences and OCE-0602432
award/grant number from the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or
recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the
views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
or
International Standard Book Number 0-309-0XXXX-X
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-XXXXX
Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W.,
Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington
metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished
scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and
technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the
Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on
scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its
administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the
responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors
engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and
recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National
Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the
services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to
the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of
Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own
initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president
of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National
Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government,
the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice
chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE JSOST RESEARCH PRIORITIES PLAN
ROBERT DUCE, Co-Chair, Texas A&M University, College Station
NANCY TARGETT, Co-Chair, University of Delaware, Lewes
DENISE BREITBURG, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland
DAVID CONOVER, State University of New York, Stony Brook
CORTIS COOPER, Chevron Energy Technology Company, San Ramon, California
CATHERINE CUNNINGHAM BALLARD, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Lansing
GERALD GALLOWAY, University of Maryland, College Park
ROBERT KNOX, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
WILLIAM KUPERMAN, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
ROGER LUKAS, University of Hawaii, Honolulu
JAMES SANCHIRICO, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC
ANDREW SOLOW, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
DENISE STEPHENSON HAWK, The Stephenson Group, Atlanta, Georgia
Staff
SUSAN ROBERTS, Study Director
FRANK HALL, Program Officer
SUSAN PARK, Associate Program Officer
TONI MIZEREK, Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellow
JEFFREY WATTERS, Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellow
SARAH CAPOTE, Senior Program Assistant
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OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
SHIRLEY A. POMPONI (Chair), Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce, Florida
LEE G. ANDERSON, University of Delaware, Newark
JOHN A. ARMSTRONG, IBM Corporation (retired), Amherst, Massachusetts
WHITLOW AU, University of Hawaii at Manoa
ROBERT G. BEA, University of California, Berkeley
ROBERT DUCE, Texas A&M University, College Station
MARY (MISSY) H. FEELEY, ExxonMobil Exploration Company, Houston, Texas
HOLLY GREENING, Tampa Bay Estuary Program, St. Petersburg, Florida
DEBRA HERNANDEZ, Hernandez and Company, Isle of Palms, South Carolina
CYNTHIA M. JONES, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
ROBERT A. LAWSON, Science Applications International Corporation, San Diego, California
WILLIAM A. KUPERMAN, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
FRANK E. MULLER-KARGER, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg
JOAN OLTMAN-SHAY, NorthWest Research Associates, Inc., Bellevue, Washington
ROBERT T. PAINE, University of Washington, Seattle
S. GEORGE H. PHILANDER, Princeton University, New Jersey
RAYMOND W. SCHMITT, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachussets
DANIEL SUMAN, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Florida
ANNE M. TREHU, Oregon State University, Corvallis
Staff
SUSAN ROBERTS, Director
FRANK HALL, Program Officer
SUSAN PARK, Associate Program Officer
ANDREAS SOHRE, Financial Associate
SHIREL SMITH, Administrative Coordinator
JODI BOSTROM, Research Associate
NANCY CAPUTO, Research Associate
SARAH CAPOTE, Senior Program Assistant
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Preface
Ocean science is complex and multidisciplinary. The committee congratulates the Joint
Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology (JSOST) for undertaking, for the first time, a
comprehensive planning activity that involved all federal agencies that support ocean-related research in
the United States. The effort recognizes that synergies between and within agencies can enhance the
outcomes and impacts of ocean science for the benefit of science and society. The task was challenging
and difficult, and the final plan should be of great benefit to the ocean sciences community.
David Halpern (U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy), Margaret Leinen (National
Science Foundation), and Richard Spinrad (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), co-chairs
of the JSOST, approached the National Research Council Division of Earth and Life Studies in August,
2005, to assist with this research planning effort through a 3-phase process. In Phase 1, the National
Research Council (NRC) staff provided summaries of recommendations from NRC reports published in
the past 7 years that related to the themes, pillars, and cross-cuts identified by the JSOST. In Phase 2, an
ad hoc NRC committee was appointed to review the draft Ocean Research Priorities Plan (ORPP) and
provide recommendations for improvement. This document represents that review. The committee was
given three months from the release of the complete draft to provide this review. In Phase 3, the
committee is to provide an assessment of the final ORPP within 6 months of the release of the final plan.
The committee held three meetings and four conference calls during the preparation of its Phase 2
report. The first conference call was held on April 13, 2006, in preparation for the Denver workshop
organized by JSOST to provide community input into the development of the draft research plan. The
committee's first meeting was held on April 1820 in conjunction with the Denver workshop. At this
workshop, committee members observed the various breakout sessions that discussed the themes and
cross-cut areas outlined in the planning document. The committee received the first draft of the Ocean
Research Priorities Plan on July 28, 2006. The July draft did not include the near-term priorities, which
were included in the complete draft, Charting the Course for Ocean Science in the United States:
Research Priorities for the Next Decade, released to the committee on August 30, 2006.
The committee met twice following the April workshop to discuss the draft research plan and to
write this report: on August 810, 2006, in San Francisco to discuss the plan made available on July 28,
and again on September 2526, 2006, in Houston to complete the review of the draft plan, including the
near-term priorities.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives
and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's
Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical
comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure
that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study
charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the
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deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for the participation in their review of
this report:
LEE G. ANDERSON, University of Delaware, Newark
KATHERINE ANDREWS, Coastal States Organization, Washington, DC
ROBERT G. BEA, University of California, Berkeley
PAULA COBLE, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg
RUSS E. DAVIS, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
EARL H. DOYLE, Shell Oil (retired), Sugar Land, Texas
PAUL G. GAFFNEY, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey
EDWARD D. HOUDE, University of Maryland, Solomons
EDWARD LAWS, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
MOLLY MCCAMMON, Alaska Ocean Observing System, Anchorage
PETER J. MCCARTHY, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce, Florida
MARCIA K. MCNUTT, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California
ANTHONY F. MICHAELS, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
R. KEITH MICHEL, Herbert Engineering Corporation, Alameda, California
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions,
they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the
report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Kenneth H. Brink, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and Alexander H. Flax, Consultant, Columbia,
Maryland. Appointed by the National Research Council, they were responsible for making certain that an
independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and
that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report
rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
The committee and its co-chairs are greatly appreciative of the significant support that we have
received from the staff of the Ocean Studies Board. Their assistance facilitated the work of the committee
and contributed to an enjoyable and productive working committee environment. In particular we thank
Dr. Susan Roberts who served as study director, associate program officer Dr. Susan Park, and program
officer Dr. Frank Hall who was involved with the early work of the committee. Ms. Toni Mizerek and
Mr. Jeff Watters were a great help during their tenure with the National Research Council as graduate
fellows for the Ocean Studies Board. We are also grateful to Ms. Sarah Capote for her superb skills in
organizing the committee meetings and conference calls. The committee feels that the positive,
accomplishment-oriented attitudes of each of these individuals enhanced the final outcome of the study.
Robert Duce, Co-Chair
Nancy Targett, Co-Chair
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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
SUMMARY 4
1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 13
Origin of the NRC Study, 14
Review of the Draft Ocean Research Priorities Plan, 14
2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE OCEAN RESEARCH PRIORITIES PLAN 15
Addressing the Statement of Task, 17
3 ASSESSMENT OF THE OVERALL PLAN 18
Introduction, 18
Organization of the Draft Plan, 18
Themes, 21
Priorities, 21
Time frame, 23
Presentation, 23
Addressing the Statements of Task, 24
Recommendations, 25
4 EVALUATING THEMATIC PRIORITIES AND CROSS-THEME INTEGRATION 26
Introduction, 26
Recommendation, 29
Stewardship of Our Natural and Cultural Ocean Resources, 31
Clarity and Appropriateness of the Priorities, 32
Appropriateness of the balance among substantive research areas, and between research
activities such as observation, modeling, and communicating results, 32
Recommendations, 32
Increasing Resilience to Natural Hazards, 33
Clarity and Appropriateness of the Priorities, 33
Appropriateness of the balance among substantive research areas, and between research
activities such as observation, modeling, and communicating results, 33
Recommendation, 34
Enabling Marine Operations, 34
Clarity and Appropriateness of the Priorities, 34
Appropriateness of the balance among substantive research areas, and between research
activities such as observation, modeling, and communicating results, 35
Recommendations, 36
The Ocean's Role in Climate, 36
Clarity and Appropriateness of the Priorities, 36
Appropriateness of the balance among substantive research areas, and between research
activities such as observation, modeling, and communicating results, 37
Recommendations, 38
Improving Ecosystem Health, 38
Clarity and Appropriateness of the Priorities, 38
Appropriateness of the balance among substantive research areas, and between research
activities such as observation, modeling, and communicating results, 40
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Recommendation, 41
Enhancing Human Health, 41
Clarity and Appropriateness of the Priorities, 42
Appropriateness of balance among substantive research areas, and between research
activities such as observation, modeling, and communicating results, 42
Recommendation, 43
5 INTERDISCIPLINARY AND MULTI-MISSION OCEAN RESEARCH 44
The Need for Interdisciplinary and Multi-Agency Approaches, 44
Implementation, 46
Addressing the Statements of Task, 46
Recommendations, 47
6 EVALUATION OF NEAR-TERM PRIORITIES 48
Selection of Near-Term Priorities, 48
General Comments, 48
Comments on Specific Near-Term Priorities, 50
Forecasting the Response of Coastal Ecosystems, 50
Comparative Analysis, 50
Sensors for Marine Ecosystems, 50
Assessing MOC Variability, 50
Addressing the Statements of Task, 51
Recommendations, 51
7 INFRASTRUCTURE AND INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL 53
Physical Infrastructure, 53
Information Infrastructure, 54
Intellectual Capital, 54
Addressing the Statements of Task, 55
Recommendations, 55
REFERENCES 57
APPENDIXES 59
A Committee and Staff Biographies, 59
B Acronyms, 64
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