Cancer Control Opportunities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

TABLE 2-1 Leading Risk Factors for Cancer Deaths in LMCs (or Developing Countries) and Primary Prevention Strategies

Cancer Type (number of deaths in LMCs in 2002)	Main Risk Factors	Theoretical Minimum Exposure Distribution	Primary Prevention: Currently Available Strategies	PAF %
Lung, trachea, and bronchus (770,938)	Tobacco use	Zero exposure possible	Tobacco control as outlined in Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)	60
	Low fruit and vegetable intake	600 grams/day fruit and vegetable intake for adults	Dietary improvements	13
	Urban air pollution	7.5 μg/m³ for particles with aerodynamic diameters <2.5 microns 15 μg/m³ for particles with aerodynamic diameters <10 microns	Regulation of automobile exhaust and industrial combustion products	7
	Indoor smoke from cooking and heating	Zero exposure possible	Ventilation and improved low-technology heating and cooking	2
	Radon in buildings (from the earth)	NGE	Building regulations to avoid radon seepage into enclosed buildings, mainly in cold climates	NGE
	Various occupational exposures	NGE	Workplace regulation and controls	9^b