F
Contents of the Report to the President and the U.S. Congress Under Public Law 109-58, The Energy Policy Act of 2005: The Radiation Source Protection and Security Task Force Report1
CONTENTS
Executive Summary |
vii |
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1 |
Introduction |
1 |
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1.1 |
Background |
1 |
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1.1.1 |
Understanding the Need to Protect and Secure Radioactive Sources |
1 |
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1.1.2 |
Understanding the Regulatory Framework for Radioactive Materials |
3 |
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1.2 |
Overview of Task Force Activities |
7 |
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1.3 |
Stakeholder Interactions |
8 |
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1.4 |
Report Layout |
8 |
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2 |
Radiation Source Usage |
9 |
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2.1 |
IAEA Code of Conduct Use Categories |
9 |
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2.2 |
Panoramic and Underwater Irradiator |
11 |
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2.3 |
Self-Shielded Irradiators |
12 |
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2.4 |
Gamma-Knives |
12 |
1 |
Radiation Source Protection and Security Task Force. 2006. The Radiation Source Protection and Security Task Force Report. Report to the President and the U.S. Congress Under Public Law 109-58, The Energy Policy Act of 2005. Washington, D.C. Available online at http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/congress-docs/correspondence/2006/president-08-15-2006.pdf. Accessed February 23, 2007. |
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2.5 |
Teletherapy |
13 |
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2.6 |
Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators |
13 |
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2.7 |
Radiography |
14 |
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2.8 |
Well-Logging |
14 |
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2.9 |
Source Manufacture |
15 |
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3 |
Radioactive Source Lists |
16 |
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3.1 |
Background |
16 |
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3.2 |
Radioactive Source Lists |
16 |
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3.2.1 |
IAEA Code of Conduct |
16 |
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3.2.2 |
DOE Radiological Threat Reduction Program |
18 |
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3.2.3 |
DOE/NRC Radiological Dispersal Devices Report |
20 |
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3.2.4 |
U.S. Import/Export Controls |
21 |
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3.2.5 |
National Source Tracking System |
21 |
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3.2.6 |
NRC Security Orders |
22 |
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3.2.7 |
NRC Standards for Protection Against Radiation |
23 |
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3.2.8 |
DOE Occupational Radiation Protection |
24 |
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3.2.9 |
DOT Transportation Rules |
24 |
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3.3 |
Conclusions |
26 |
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3.4 |
Summary of Recommendations |
27 |
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4 |
Security and Control of Radioactive Sources |
28 |
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4.1 |
Introduction |
28 |
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4.2 |
Current Programs for Security and Control of Radioactive Material |
29 |
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4.2.1 |
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Program |
30 |
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4.2.2 |
Department of Energy Program |
37 |
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4.2.3 |
Department of Defense Program |
42 |
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4.2.4 |
Department of Homeland Security Program |
44 |
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4.2.5 |
Federal Bureau of Investigations Program |
46 |
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4.2.6 |
Department of Transportation Program |
46 |
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4.3 |
Discussion |
46 |
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4.4 |
Conclusions |
51 |
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4.5 |
Summary of Recommendations |
51 |
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5 |
Transportation Security of Radioactive Sources |
53 |
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5.1 |
Overview of Radioactive Material Transport Safety Program |
53 |
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5.1.1 |
Overview of the Domestic Transport Safety Program |
53 |
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5.1.2 |
Overview of the International Transport Safety Program |
54 |
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5.2 |
Overview of Federal Radioactive Material Transport Security Programs |
54 |
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5.2.1 |
DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration Transport Security Program |
54 |
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5.2.2 |
DOT Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Transport Security Program |
55 |
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5.2.3 |
DOT Federal Railroad Administration Transport Security Program |
57 |
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5.2.4 |
DOT Federal Aviation Administration Transport Security Program |
58 |
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5.2.5 |
Transportation Security Administration |
58 |
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5.2.6 |
U.S. Coast Guard Transport Security Program |
59 |
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5.2.7 |
NRC Transport Security Program |
60 |
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5.3 |
Discussion |
61 |
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5.4 |
Conclusions |
65 |
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5.5 |
Summary of Recommendations |
66 |
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6 |
Background Checks |
67 |
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6.1 |
Introduction |
67 |
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6.2 |
Types of Background Checks and Investigations |
67 |
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6.3 |
Summary of Current Programs |
68 |
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6.3.1 |
Department of Energy Program |
68 |
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6.3.2 |
Department of Homeland Security Program |
68 |
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6.3.3 |
Federal Bureau of Investigation Program |
69 |
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6.3.4 |
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Program |
70 |
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6.4 |
Stakeholder Interactions |
70 |
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6.5 |
Discussion |
70 |
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6.6 |
Conclusions |
74 |
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6.7 |
Summary of Recommendations |
75 |
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7 |
Storage of Radioactive Sources |
75 |
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7.1 |
Background |
75 |
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7.2 |
Summary of Storage Requirements |
75 |
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7.2.1 |
NRC Requirements Regarding Storage |
75 |
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7.2.2 |
DOE Requirements Regarding Storage |
77 |
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7.3 |
Descriptions of Storage Conditions |
78 |
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7.3.1 |
Sterilization (wet, panoramic) Irradiator |
78 |
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7.3.2 |
Self-Shielded Irradiator |
79 |
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7.3.3 |
Gamma-Knives |
80 |
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7.3.4 |
Teletherapy |
80 |
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7.3.5 |
Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators |
80 |
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7.3.6 |
Radiography |
81 |
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7.3.7 |
Well-Logging |
81 |
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7.3.8 |
Manufacturers and Distributors |
82 |
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7.3.9 |
Waste Encapsulation and Storage Facility |
82 |
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7.3.10 |
Off-Site Source Recovery Project |
83 |
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7.3.11 |
Other DOE Facilities |
83 |
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7.3.12 |
Storage Time Limits |
83 |
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7.4 |
Conclusions |
84 |
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7.5 |
Summary of Recommendations |
84 |
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8 |
National System for Recovery of Lost and Stolen Sources |
85 |
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8.1 |
Introduction |
85 |
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8.2 |
Regulatory Framework |
85 |
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8.2.1 |
Scope of the Problem—Radioactive Source Loss and Theft |
85 |
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8.2.2 |
Loss and Theft Notification Requirements |
86 |
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8.2.3 |
Law Enforcement Investigations—Lost or Stolen Sources Involving Terrorism or Criminal Intent |
87 |
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8.2.4 |
Illicit Trafficking Interdiction |
88 |
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8.2.5 |
Orphan Radioactive Materials |
88 |
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8.2.6 |
Additional Controls for Small Quantities |
89 |
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8.3 |
Federal Outreach, Training, and Awareness |
89 |
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8.4 |
Programs for Radioactive Material Recovery |
90 |
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8.4.1 |
Regulatory Roles |
90 |
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8.4.2 |
Proactive Radioactive Source Recovery |
90 |
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8.5 |
Lost and Stolen Sources Response |
92 |
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8.5.1 |
NRC Emergency Response Protocol to Lost and Stolen Sources |
92 |
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8.5.2 |
Federal Radiological Response Assets |
93 |
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8.6 |
Conclusions |
94 |
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8.7 |
Summary of Recommendations |
94 |
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9 |
National System to Provide for the Proper Disposal of Radioactive Sources |
95 |
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9.1 |
Introduction |
95 |
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9.2 |
Current Disposal System |
96 |
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9.2.1 |
Laws Governing the Disposal of Sealed Sources |
96 |
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9.2.2 |
Disposal Requirements for Commercial (NRC- or Agreement State-Licensed) Sealed Sources |
101 |
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9.2.3 |
Disposal Requirements for DOE Sealed Sources |
102 |
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9.2.4 |
Relevance of IAEA Categorizations to NRC Disposal Requirements |
102 |
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9.2.5 |
Available Disposal Options |
102 |
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9.2.6 |
DOE Initiative to Develop Disposal Capability for GTCC LLRW |
106 |
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9.2.7 |
Disposal Initiatives for Lower-Activity Sealed Sources |
106 |
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9.2.8 |
Financial Assurance to Ensure Proper Disposal of Disused Sealed Sources for Which Recycling, Reuse, or Return Is Not an Option |
106 |
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9.3 |
Discussion |
107 |
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9.4 |
Conclusions |
111 |
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9.5 |
Summary of Recommendations |
111 |
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10 |
Import and Export Controls for Radioactive Sources |
112 |
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10.1 |
Background |
112 |
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10.2 |
Summary of Current Programs |
113 |
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10.2.1 |
NRC Radioactive Source Import/Export Program |
113 |
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10.2.2 |
DOE Radioactive Source Import/Export Program |
115 |
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10.2.3 |
Stakeholder Interactions |
115 |
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10.3 |
Discussion |
116 |
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10.4 |
Conclusions |
119 |
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10.5 |
Summary of Recommendations |
120 |
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11 |
National Source Tracking System |
121 |
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11.1 |
Background |
121 |
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11.1.1 |
Summary of the NSTS Program |
122 |
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11.1.2 |
Additional Stakeholder Interactions |
124 |
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11.2 |
Discussion |
124 |
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11.3 |
Conclusions |
126 |
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11.4 |
Summary of Recommendations |
126 |
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12 |
Alternative Technologies |
127 |
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12.1 |
Background |
127 |
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12.2 |
Sources and Alternative Technologies |
128 |
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12.2.1 |
Industrial and Research Irradiators |
128 |
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12.2.2 |
Industrial Radiography |
128 |
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12.2.3 |
Medical Uses |
130 |
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12.2.4 |
Power Sources |
131 |
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12.2.5 |
Measuring Devices |
131 |
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12.3 |
Summary of Current Programs on Alternative Technologies |
132 |
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12.3.1 |
Department of Energy |
132 |
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12.3.2 |
Department of Health and Human Services |
132 |
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12.3.3 |
Department of Homeland Security |
133 |
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12.3.4 |
Department of State |
133 |
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12.3.5 |
Environmental Protection Agency |
134 |
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12.3.6 |
Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
135 |
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12.3.7 |
National Academy of Sciences Study |
136 |
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12.4 |
Discussion |
136 |
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12.5 |
Conclusions |
141 |
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12.6 |
Summary of Recommendations |
141 |
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13 |
Conclusions, Recommendations, and Actions |
142 |
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13.1 |
Conclusions |
142 |
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13.2 |
Summary of Recommendations and Actions |
143 |
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14 |
Bibliography |
147 |
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Appendices |
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A |
Acronyms and Abbreviations |
A-1 |
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B |
Glossary |
B-1 |
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C |
Task Force Charter |
C-1 |
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D |
Task Force Membership |
D-1 |
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E |
Public Comment |
E-1 |
Tables
1.1 |
Energy Policy Act Topics |
7 |
2.1 |
IAEA Category 1-3 Common |
10 |
3.1 |
Code of Conduct Sources (Annex I of the Code) |
17 |
3.2 |
IRTR/Code of Conduct Comparison |
19 |
3.3 |
Code of Conduct High-Risk Radionuclides for Domestic Shipments Comparison |
26 |
4.1 |
Comparison of Category 2 Threshold and 10 CFR 30.72 Schedule C Values |
35 |
6.1 |
Summary of Current Background Check Elements |
71 |
8.1 |
Summary of NRC Regulatory Requirements for Radioactive Material Loss and Theft Reports |
86 |
8.2 |
Types of Radioactive Sources Recovered and Stored by OSRP |
91 |
9.1 |
Key U.S. Laws Concerning Sealed Source Disposal |
98 |
9.2-A |
U.S. Commercial LLRW Definitions |
99 |
9.2-B |
DOE Radioactive Waste Definitions |
99 |
12.1 |
Comparison of Industrial Radiography with Alternative Technologies |
129 |
12.2 |
Applications and Numbers of Devices Using NRC-Regulated Radioactive Sources |
132 |
13.1 |
Regulatory Change Recommendations |
143 |
13.2 |
Other Recommendations |
143 |
13.3 |
Actions |
144 |
Figures
2.1 |
Commercial Irradiator |
11 |
2.2 |
Self-Shielded Irradiator |
12 |
2.3 |
Gamma-Knife Device |
13 |
2.4 |
Radiography Camera |
14 |
2.5 |
Well-Logging Device |
14 |
8.1 |
Summary of Radioactive Sealed Sources Recovered by OSRP |
92 |
9.1 |
Summary of Available Disposal Options for Disused Commercial Sealed Sources |
97 |
9.2 |
Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Compact Membership |
100 |
9.3 |
Location of Commercial LLRW Disposal Facilities, DOE LLRW Disposal Facilities, and DOE Defense Transuranic Waste Disposal Facility |
103 |