Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond

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Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond (2007)
Space Studies Board (SSB)

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. "9 Climate Variability and Change." Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2007.

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Measurement (GCOS)^a	Strategy	Current Status	Follow-on (2010–2020)	RFI Response^b
Sea state (2.1), surface wind (1.1)	Microwave imagers Surface windspeed	SSM/I on DMSP (1995, 1997, 1999) AMSR-E on Aqua (2002)	CMIS on NPOESS	56, 98
	Scatterometer Surface wind vector	QuikSCAT (1999) ASCAT on MetOp)	ASCAT (MetOp) Mission 4
Ocean color (2.1)	Multispectral imagers with UV-blue capabilities Surface-leaving radiances	SeaWiFS (1997) MODIS on Terra (2000), Aqua (2002)	VIIRS on NPP (2009), and NPOESS	21, 86
Ocean surface (2.1) and sub-surface temperature (2.2)	Multispectral imagery Sea-surface temperature	AVHRR, data since 1981 (NOAA 7), currently on NOAA 16, 17, 18 VIRS on TRMM (1997) MODIS on Terra (2000), Aqua (2002)	VIIRS on NPP (2009), and NPOESS
	Infrared-microwave sounders Sea-surface temperature	AVHRR on NOAA 16, 17, 18 AIRS, AMSR-E on Aqua (2002) MODIS on Aqua (2002), Terra (1999) MODIS	CrIS/ATMS on NPP (2009), CMIS on NPOESS
	Expendable profiling floats Profiles of temperature, temperature at depth of neutral buoyancy, surface	ARGO floats
Ocean surface (2.1), subsurface salinity (2.2)	Microwave radiometer and scatterometer Surface salinity, ocean roughness		AQUARIUS (2010)
	Expendable profiling floats Profiles of salinity, salinity at depth of neutral buoyancy	ARGO floats
Ocean surface (2.1), subsurface currents (2.2)	Altimeter Ocean-surface height from which currents derived	Jason 1 (2001)	ALT on NPOESS Mission 4
	Gravity satellite Subsurface or barotropic mass shifts (computed in conjunction with surface altimeter measurements)	GRACE (2002)	GRACE follow-on
	Expendable profiling floats Position drift at depth of neutral buoyancy (and surface with some caveats)	ARGO floats
Subsurface phytoplankton (2.2)
Precipitation (1.1)	Microwave imagers Rainfall rate over oceans	SSM/I on DMSP (1995, 1997, 1999) TMI on TRMM (1997) AMSR-E on Aqua (2002)	CMIS on NPOESS, GPM (2012)
	Precipitation radar Vertical structure of rain rates	TRMM (1997)	GPM (2012)
	Cloud radar Rate for light drizzle	CloudSat (2006)	Mission 1
^aNumbers in parentheses refer to the essential climate variables listed in Appendix 1 of CGOS (2003). ^bAn indexed list of RFI responses is given in Appendix E.