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E
List of Responses to Request for Information
Table E.1 lists the responses received by the Committee on Earth Science and Applications in response to its request for information (RFI) sent in January 2005 to the Earth and environmental science community (see Appendix D). The full-text versions of the RFI responses are included in the compact disk that contains this report.
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TABLE E.1 List of Responses to Committee’s RFI
RFI Response Number
Response Title
Summary Description
1
ACCURATE: Atmospheric Climate and Chemistry in the UTLS Region And climate Trends Explorer
To advance understanding of climate processes and atmospheric physics and chemistry in the UTLS region, monitor climate variability and change, and provide climate model validation and improvement via combined radio and IR laser-crosslink occulation
2
Submillimeter Infrared Radiometer Ice Cloud Experiment
To provide spatially resolved daily global measurements of upper tropospheric ice water path and ice crystal size via submillimeter IR radiometry
3
Combined Active and Passive Environmental Sounder (CAPES) Mission for Water Vapor, Temperature, Aerosol and Cloud Profiling From Space
To provide high vertical resolution measurements of water vapor, aerosols, and clouds along the satellite ground track,and full three-dimensional (3D) water vapor and temperature coverage at a lower vertical resolution cross-track via a differential absorption lidar and fourier transform spectrometer
4
Active Mission for Global CO2 Measurements
To significantly expand the set of global atmospheric CO2 observations via an active laser instrument for column measurements of CO2 down to the surface or cloud tops and pulsed aerosol and cloud lidar to determine surface elevation and aerosol and cloud distributions along lidar line of sight
5
Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer
To provide long-term characterization of state of Earth’s troposphere and middle atmosphere via cm- and mm-wavelength satellite-to-satellite occultation measurements
6
Adaptive Atmospheric Sounding Mission
To sound the atmosphere via long-life networked stratospheric balloon platforms instrumented with remote sensing and in situ instruments
7
Aerosol Global Interactions Satellite
To measure the three-dimensional distribution of aerosol abundances, sizes, shapes, and absorption, and determine aerosol impacts on climate and air quality via multiangle spectropolarimetric imager and high spectral resolution lidar
8
Moderate Resolution Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (MIRIS)
To improve studies of small scale meteorological and climatologic forcing and improve accuracy of measurements of minor gas species via high spatial and spectral resolution IR imager
9
Atmospheric Remote-Sensing and Imaging Emission Spectrometer
To measure upper atmospheric water vapor with unprecedented accuracy, while providing temperature profiles, surface emissivity, ozone, CH4, CO, CO2, SO2, aerosols, cloud top height, and cloud temperature via observation of the IR spectrum with high resolving power
10
The National Global Operational Environmental Satellite System (NGOESS): Designed to Fulfill NOAA’s Future Satellite System Requirements and those of the GEOSS
To observe key climate and environmental parameters post-GOES-R and NPOESS via a constellation instrumented with an ultra-spectral imager/sounder and synthetic thinned aperture microwave pushbroom radiometer/sounder
11
Cellular Interferometer for Continuous Earth Remote Observation: A Concept for Radio Holography of the Earth
To provide continuous, high-resolution global imaging, surveillance,and remote sensing both actively and passively at radio frequencies via a constellation of 1000+ radio satellites
12
The Geohazards IGOS Theme: Space Component Requirements, An analysis for discussion at CEOS SIT-13
To describe IGOS Geohazard Theme’s five specific priority requirements for space observations
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RFI Response Number
Response Title
Summary Description
13
Cloud Height and Altitude-Resolved Motion Stereo-imager (CHARMS)
To provide measurements of cloud-top height and cloud-motion vectors by a multi-angle stereo technique that is uniquely relevant to long-term climate data records
14
Cloud Hydrology and Albedo Synthesis Mission
To measure water content of clouds concurrently with albedo and cloud-top height via multi-angle imager and dual angle passive microwave instrument,extending application to land/ocean day/night
15
E-mail Comment on Operational Oceanography
To emphasize importance of addressing satellite remote sensing needs of operational oceanography
16
The Climate Benchmark Constellation: A Critical Category of Small Satellite Observations
To provide absolute infrared spectrally resolved radiance, GPS radio occultation and millimeter-wave absorptive radio occultation, solar irradiance and absolute shortwave flux reflected to space,and enable absolute climate records in perpetuity via on-orbit standards with International System of Units traceability
17
Climate Scope Mission Concept Paper
To assemble assimilated data sets via an R&D program, validation and verification program, integration and production program,and the necessary computing,data management and dissemination infrastructure
18
Climate Calibration Observatory: NIST in Orbit
To calibrate radiometers, spectrometers, and interferometers in orbit
19
Cold Land Processes Pathfinder Mission Concept
To measure fresh water stored in snow on land and on ice sheets,enabling a major leap-ahead in understanding snow process dynamics in the global water cycle and to forge a pathway to operations, initiating significantly enhanced global monitoring and prediction of snow properties for multiple water,weather,and climate applications.
20
Orbital Laser Sounder Mission for Global CO2 Measurements
To measure global distribution of CO2 mixing ratio in the lower troposphere, day and night, and generate the first monthly global maps of the lower tropospheric CO2 column abundance to help understand the global carbon cycle and global climate change via active laser sounding
21
Coastal Ocean Carbon Observations and Applications
To quantify the pools and fluxes of carbon in the coastal ocean, knowledge of which is essential for understanding the role of the global carbon cycle in climate variability and change, via high resolution hyperspectral imagery
22
E-mail Comment: Landsat 5
To urge the removal of downlink fees for Landsat 5 data
23
Continuous Coastal Awareness Network (C-CAN): A Response to the NRC Decadal Study Request for Information
To detect, predict,and manage change for sustainable development in heavily populated coastal regions via a sensorweb system approach involving multi-sensor satellite observations of sea surface height, coastal currents and winds,and sea spectral reflectance from different Earth vantage points coupled with in situ observations for coastal event detection
24
Crustal Magnetic Field Measurement Missions
To provide systematic global magnetic field observations needed to distinguish magnetic field variations over various spatial and temporal scales,and to separate the effects of the components of the magnetic field via stratospheric balloon platforms
25
Daedalus: Earth-Sun Observations from L1
To characterize the direct influence of solar variability on Earth system via simultaneous observation of key solar emission/space weather parameters and spectrally resolved radiances over the entire illuminated Earth from an L1 vantage point
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RFI Response Number
Response Title
Summary Description
26
The Need for New Geodetic Satellites for Observing Long-Term, Long-Wavelength Gravity Variations and Improved Terrestrial Reference Frame Determination
To improve the determination of changes in the Earth’s gravity field, determination of the terrestrial reference frame,and the separation of tidal signals in space geodetic measurements via passive, laser retro-reflecting geodetic satellites
27
Water and Ocean Wind Sensor
To enhance characterization, understanding, and prediction of persistent small-scale ocean-atmosphere coupling, tropical cyclones, and coastal processes by continuing the contiguous wide-swath measurement of ocean surface vector wind via a single instrument combining active and passive microwave techniques
28
Improved Weather Prediction, Climate Understanding, and Weather Hazard Mitigation through Global Profiling of Horizontal Winds with a Pulsed Doppler Lidar System
To demonstrate a new capability that would meet the science and operational communities’ needs for global profiles of horizontal wind velocity via pulsed Doppler lidar
29
Providing Global Wind Profiles: The Missing Link in Today’s Observing System
To accurately measure the 3-D global wind field via multiple Doppler lidars
30
Earth Sciences from the Astonomer’s Perspective: A Deep Space Climate Observatory
To observe the Earth in a bulk thermodynamic sense, as an open system exchanging radiative energy with the Sun and space via continuous observation from an L1 orbit
31
Earth Sciences Applications in Human Health
To advocate greater emphasis on environmental causes for disease emergence and environmental monitoring of pathogens and vectors, involving disciplines beyond those of traditional biomedical science
32
The Ecology of Global Infectious Disease: A Research Program
To establish a research program using geoscience in combination with epidemiology to improve use of satellite data in epidemiological applications and develop requirements for a space-based platform
33
Air Pollution Investigation Constellation
To quantify sub-regional emissions of precursors of smog and particulate matter, and the effects of transformation processes over long ranges on air quality, enabling accurate prediction and control of global air pollution via a constellation approach consisting of a MEO/GEO platform with a UV/VIS/NIR spectrometer and thermal emission IR spectrometer and a LEO platform with multiangle spectropolarimetric imager and IR solar occultation instrument
34
Monitoring Climate Change by Solar Occultation
To monitor climate change via HALOE-type solar occultation instruments
35
Geostationary Advanced Imager for New Science
To observe the diurnal cycle of the Earth’s surface temperature with 1 km resolution from GEO
36
Student Reflective GPS Experiment
To provide space-based measurements of GPS reflections to determine the utility of measuring Earth surface parameters such as ocean wind speed/direction, sea surface height,and land surface soil moisture
37
Global Environmental Micro Sensors (GEMS): A New Instrument Paradigm for In situ Earth Observation
To make ultra-high spatial and temporal resolution environmental measurements over an immensely broad range of atmospheric conditions to provide calibration/ground truth for space-based remote sensing systems, expand our understanding of the Earth system,and improve weather forecast accuracy and efficiency well beyond current capability via in situ airborne buoyant probes
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RFI Response Number
Response Title
Summary Description
38
The Flora Mission for Ecosystem Composition, Disturbance and Productivity
To measure fractional cover of biological materials, canopy water content, vegetation pigments and light-use efficiency, plant functional types, fire fuel load and fuel moisture content, and disturbance occurrence, type, and intensity to advance global studies and models of ecosystem dynamics and change
39
GEM
To improve severe weather forecasting by profiling temperature and moisture fields via combined microwave imager and a sounding radiometer
40
Geodetic Analysis Reference Network: GARNET Program
To develop and sustain the fundamental reference frame to meet NASA’s, NOAA’s, and the broader community’s needs over the next decade via a program for managing the high precision networks, analysis techniques and integrated data systems of the Global Positioning System (GPS), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), extending to gravity observation networks
41
The GeoSTAR GEO Microwave Sounder Mission: The Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Array Radiometer
To take temperature and humidity profiles, with emphasis on storms and tropical cyclones and to contribute important measurements to research related to the hydrologic cycle via a geostationary dual-array system for microwave sounding measurements
42
GRACE follow-on
To contribute to continuous, multi-decadal monitoring of the temporal variations of Earth’s gravity field via a GRACE follow-on
43
GNSS Geospace Constellation
To contribute to Sun-Earth connection science using transmissions of global navigation satellite systems to measure total electron content, giving information about ionosphere and plasmasphere dynamics via at least 6 LEO spacecraft with advanced GPS receivers tracking existing and anticipated Global Navigation Satellite System signals
44
Glaciers and Ice Sheets Mapping Orbiter
To measure the surface and basal topography of terrestrial ice sheets and determine the physical properties of glacier beds via radar
45
Global Aerosol Monitoring Mission
To globally monitor the scattering and absorption properties of aerosol particles
46
Global Water Resources Mission
To provide a 20-year international plan for enabling society to assess and predict the global availability of fresh water under the influence of weather and climate variability via an international effort consisting of about two dozen satellite systems, each of which is comparable with current operational GEO and LEO satellites
47
Glory
To monitor factors influencing radiative balance between Earth and space to improve ability to understand and predict climate change via aerosol and irradiance measurements by a total solar irradiance sensor
48
Geostationary Observatory for Microwave Atmospheric Sounding
To provide a system for humidity and temperature sounding and frequent precipitation observation from geostationary orbit via sub-mm and mm-wave radiometry
49
A Constellation for High Resolution Sea Surface Topography with Frequent Temporal Revisit
To provide continuous coverage oceanography for mesoscale process characterization and tsunami warning via a constellation of six satellites in low Earth orbit
50
Proposition to Observe H2S Emitting from Ocean Surface
To observe H2S emitting from the ocean surface and provide highresolution ocean color
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RFI Response Number
Response Title
Summary Description
51
Decadal Survey Proposal
To advocate measurement of the heat flux of the mantle of Earth in order to better understand how the systems of Earth work and interconnect
52
Exploration of the Earth-Sun System from L1
To provide global mapping of atmospheric composition every 30–60 minutes from an L1 vantage point, enabling understanding of the relationship between solar activity and structure and dynamics of Earth’s atmosphere
53
Concept Paper Submitted to the Decadal Study Request for Information issued by the National Research Council
To encourage the Earth and environmental sciences communities to consider the importance of the “human factor” in usage and interpretation of data and advocate collaboration with cognitive systems engineers to create demonstrably useful and usable human-centered technologies
54
An Autonomous Aerial Observing System for the Exploration of the Dynamics of Hurricanes
To improve our scientific understanding of tropical cyclone genesis and intensity change processes by providing the first continuous highresolution observations of the thermodynamic and kinematic evolution of the inner core of a tropical cyclone from genesis to dissipation or landfall via long-endurance UAV platform
55
Detecting Human-Induced Land Degradation Impact on Semi-Arid Tropical Rainfall Variability Based on Measurements from Satellite Products
To obtain an improved understanding of the variation of spatial signature on land degradation in semi-arid tropical regions and how human induced land cover changes can have a direct effect on precipitation in these regions via analysis of existing satellite vegetation and precipitation data sets at various spatial and temporal scales
56
Global Hydrosphere Mapper
To provide high-resolution measurements of the surface of the ocean and water bodies on land via radar interferometry
57
Biomass Monitoring Mission Lidar Instrument
To measure the amount of carbon stored in Earth’s above-ground biomass and gain a better understanding of forest ecosystem function in the global carbon cycle via lidar
58
Importance of Outreach and Education
To emphasize the importance of outreach and education in communicating science information and new research
59
Infrared Thermal Imaging of the Earth’s Surface
To routinely measure the thermal energy of the surface of the North American continent and correlate with population distribution and urban centers
60
Observations of Tropospheric Air Chemistry Processes from a Geostationary Perspective
To understand roles of tropospheric ozone and aerosols in perturbing the Earth system and understand their effects on the global atmosphere and air quality from GEO
61
Composition of the Atmosphere from Mid-Earth Orbit
To fill gaps in observations of upper troposphere processes, while providing a new capability for determining the role of fast processes in linking regional pollution, global air quality, and climate change via measurement of chemical species, ice cloud parameters,temperature, lower troposphere O3, NO2, SO2, CO, H2CO, CH4, BrO, aerosol/cloud properties, and surface UV-B flux using a microwave sounder and imager in MEO orbit
62
Operational Ocean and Land Mission
To gather data that can be used in croyspheric, land, land deformation, ecology, atmospheric, and hydrologic applications via synthetic aperture radar, spectometry, and altimetry
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RFI Response Number
Response Title
Summary Description
63
A Solar Occultation Mission to Quantify Long-Term Ozone and Aerosol Variability
To produce high vertical resolution profiles of ozone and aerosols from the upper troposphere through the stratosphere, provide a long-term (10 year) ozone and aerosol data set, and corroborate the performance of new instruments via solar occultation
64
Pulsed LF-HF-VHF Radio Emission Possibly Associated with the Burakin Seismic Activity in Western Australia
To report a new kind of radio emission possibly related with seismic activity
65
E-mail Comment
To advocate consideration of science-policy interfaces and provide background on the relationships between Earth system science and policies
66
The CLAIM 3-D Mission
To advance understanding of aerosols and cloud and precipitation development via multi-angle, polarized spectral imaging, and a cloud rainbow camera
67
Monitoring Atmosphere Turbulence and Humidity
To measure temperature and water vapor profiles, tropospheric turbulence, and cloud and aerosol properties via differential absorption lidar
68
Long-Term Measurement Assurance Program for Climate-Change Satellite Systems
To provide a measurement assurance system at least as rigorous as international metrology institutes to ensure accurate climate measurements
69
A Constellation of Mixed-Orbit MicroSatellites for Monitoring Global Land Change and Ecosystem Dynamics
To acquire high-resolution data to document land use/cover change and ecosystem dynamics via a constellation of microsatellites in various orbits
70
Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface
To provide measurements for estimation of global soil moisture under substatial vegetation canopies and at useful soil depths via multifrequency synthetic aperture radar
71
GEOCarb Explorer: A Geosynchronous Hyperspectral Mission Providing Continental-Scale Carbon Cycle Ecosystem Observations
To advance scientific understanding of carbon cycle dynamical interactions between the Earth’s biota and the atmosphere via observation from GEO
72
Multiplatform Interferometric SAR for Forest Structure and Subcanopy Topography and Soil Moisture
To measure 3D forest structure, topography, and soil moisture underlying forest canopies using a multiplatform InSAR system
73
Biomass Monitoring Mission
To make global measurements of above-ground woody biomass carbon stock, forest 3-D structure, and to monitor changes in terrestrial carbon pool as a result of disturbance and recovery processes via lidar and radar
74
Suborbital Earth System Surveillance
To develop an environmental surveillance program filling observation gaps between satellite and aircraft observation capabilities via High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) UAVs
75
Nightsat
To measure the spatial distribution and brightness of nocturnal lighting worldwide at a spatial resolution that permits the delineation of key features found in human settlements via observation in the vis/NIR and thermal bands
76
The Far-Infrared Spectrum: Exploring a New Frontier in the Remote Sensing of Earth’s Climate
To improve understanding of the natural greenhouse effect, atmospheric cooling by water vapor, and the role of cirrus clouds in climate via direct measurements of the far-infrared portion of the Earth’s emission spectrum
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RFI Response Number
Response Title
Summary Description
77
Low-Earth-Orbit Global Mapping of Boundary Layer Carbon Monoxide
To measure global boundary layer CO via polarization-modulated gas filter correlation radiometry
78
Space-based Doppler Winds LIDAR: A Vital National Need
To provide high-resolution global tropospheric wind observation in support of improved long-range weather forecasting and other societal applications via Doppler wind lidar
79
Need for Integrated Water Cycle Observations from Space
To provide comments and background information on numerous water cycle observations and outline key considerations for developing a future water cycle observation strategy
80
A Low-Cost Multispectral Earth Observing System
To enhance Landsat and OLI data and satisfy requirements currently unfilled by a single Landsat-type satellite via a constellation multispectral Earth observing system with four satellites
81
A Space Mission to Observe Phytoplankton and Assess its Role in the Oceanic Carbon Cycle
To provide daily global measurements of ocean color and aerosols to help to quantify ocean’s role in uptaking atmospheric CO2, via natural fluorescence and Raman scattering observations
82
Surface Shortwave and Longwave Broadband Network Observation Uncertainty for Climate Change Research, Verification is Needed
To provide climate quality surface downwelling LW and SW broadband irradiance on a global scale via improved cross-network calibration, instrument standardization, long-term instrument intercomparisons, and development of new instruments and sensors
83
InSAR Applications for Exploration of the Earth
To precisely map Earth surface change and deformation due to tectonic, volcanic, and glacial processes with sub-cm accuracy via space-borne radar interferometry
84
Solar Occultation Instruments for Measurements of Ozone Trends
To monitor global ozone trends, aerosols, water vapor, and NO2, and provide calibration of OMPS stability via solar occultation observations
85
Data Assimilation and Objectively Optimized Earth Observation
To describe a vision for a future objectively optimized Earth observation system with integrated scientific analysis via a dynamically-adapting system
86
Ocean Carbon, Ecosystem and Near-Shore Mission Concept
To achieve the most accurate and spectrally-broad global measurements of ocean water-leaving radiances ever conducted via a single spectrometer, and to utilize these data to effectively separate the wide variety of optically active in-water constituents
87
Ocean and Land Operational Mission of the U.S.
To gather data that can be used in croyspheric, land, land deformation, ecology, atmospheric, and hydrologic applications via synthetic aperture radar, spectometry, and altimetry
88
Our Vital Skies: A preliminary concept of a coordinated research program for the coming decade
To substantially improve understanding of the influence of cloud-aerosol-precipitation interactions on regional and global weather and climate via a program focusing on the microphysical linkages between aerosols, clouds, and the hydrological cycle
89
Multispectral Land Sensing: Where From, Where to?
To assess the long-term potential of technology for land remote sensing and discuss needed development of a hyperspectral data analysis system
90
Polar Environmental Monitoring, Communications, and Space Weather from Pole Sitter Orbit
To provide continuous environmental and meteorological monitoring of polar regions, a unique perspective on space weather monitoring of Sun-Earth system,and constant communication links between deep polar regions and the rest of the world
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RFI Response Number
Response Title
Summary Description
91
A radar altimeter for bathymetry, geodesy, and mesoscale oceanography
To provide a global map of deep ocean bathymetry and gravity field at a resolution of 6–9 km using delay-Doppler radar altimetry to measure sea-surface slope
92
Contributions of Radio Occultation Observations to the Integrated Earth Observation System
To resolve temperature and water vapor of the global atmosphere with unprecedented accuracy and resolution sufficient to meet requirements of weather and climate forecasting and climate monitoring via an operational system of radio occultation observations
93
Advanced Limb Imaging Sounder Experiment Mission
To measure the distribution of upper troposphere and lower stratosphere temperature, water vapor, ozone, clouds, and aerosols at high vertical and improved horizontal resolution in order to understand the role of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere region in the radiative forcing of climate and climate-chemistry feedback
94
Molniya Orbit Imager
To extend GOES-type imagery to high-latitudes via an imager in Molniya orbit
95
Robust IR Remote Sensing for Carbon Monoxide, Methane, and Ozone Profiles
To make daily measurements of the vertical structure of trace gases including CO, methane, and ozone
96
GRACE follow-on
To provide global measurements of terrestrial water, ice, and ocean mass variations via measurement of temporal variations in Earth’s gravitational field
97
Spaceborne Advanced Visible Infrared Imager Concept
To produce high-resolution maps of reflected and emitted radiance of surface every 8 days via thermal IR imagery
98
Mission of Scatterometer and Along-Track Interferometer for Ocean Current and Vector Wind Applications
To acquire high-resolution measurements of both ocean surface current and vector wind as a significant improvement over current measurements via scatterometry and along-track interferometry
99
Sensing of H2O in the Upper Troposphere
To simultaneously measure vertical profiles of H2O and HDO in the tropics and subtropics through the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere via IR solar occultation in order to constrain the dominant mechanisms regulating the abundance of water in critical regions of the Earth’s atmosphere
100
Draft GPM Overview Document
To provide near-global measurements of rainfall, 3-D cloud structure,and precipitation using a microwave imager and a dual-frequency precipitation radar
101
Stratospheric Earth Radiation Balance (SERB) Missions using Balloons
To investigate stratospheric Earth radiation balance via long-life stratospheric balloons
102
Structure and Inventory of Vegetated Ecosystems
To gain information on composition, density, optical properties,and geometric structure of vegetation canopies and other surfaces using a combined lidar and stereo imager and a multi-angle global imager
103
Surface Observatories and in situ Observations in Support of Space-based Observations of Aerosols and Clouds
To monitor surface radiative fluxes and cloud and aerosol properties via a three-tiered system of surface-based observatories
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RFI Response Number
Response Title
Summary Description
104
Terra-Luna: An Earth-Moon Science Exploration Mission
To construct a near-global baseline map of boreal and tropical forest land cover and biomass during multiple seasons, conduct first synoptic measurements of global ocean eddies, coastal currents and tides, and characterize land cover and canopy height for ecosystem and global climate modeling via L-band SAR and altimetry, then transfer to lunar orbit for lunar science measurements
105
Earth’s First Time Resolved Mapping of Air Pollution Emissions and Transport from Space
To discover spatial and temporal emission patterns of the precursor chemicals for tropospheric ozone and aerosol transport across continents from GEO
106
Technology Coupling Innovative Observations to Test Forecasts in Order to Provide Decision Structures in Service to Society
To measure OH, HO2, HDO/H2O ratios, NO2, H2O, total H2O, CH4, N2O, CO, CO2, O3, CIO, BrO, BrONO2, CIOOCI, and ClONO2 in order to bridge A-Train global observations with in situ detail via long-range, long-duration UAV observations
107
Water Vapor Monitoring Missions
To provide direct measurements of water vapor and other atmospheric constituents in the region of the tropical atmosphere extending from about 14 km (upper troposphere) to 35 km via long-life stratospheric balloons
108
Water Elevation Recovery Satellite Mission
To acquire elevations of inland water surfaces at spatial and temporal scales necessary for answering key water cycle and water management questions of global importance via swath-based altimetry
109
Wind Imaging Spectrometer and Humidity-sounder (WISH): a Practical NPOESS P3I High-spatial Resolution Sensor
To measure tropospheric winds by tracking high spatial resolution altitude-resolved water vapor sounding features via a wind imaging spectrometer and humidity-sounder
110
Climate-Quality Observations from Satellite Lidar
To continue lidar cloud observation data record after CALIPSO for climate change recognition
111
Advanced ICESat (Ice Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite)
To provide/determine polar ice-sheet mass balance; sea-ice freeboard and thickness; high-latitude oceanography and global sea level change; atmosphere-cloud heights and aerosol distributions; land topography referenced to a globally consistent datum; vegetation-canopy heights and structure; river stage and discharge and lake and wetland water storage; glaciers and ice cap dynamics and mass balance, via laser altimeter
Representative terms from entire chapter:
solar occultation
