National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
×

MEASURING AND SUSTAINING THE NEW ECONOMY

ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN THE INFORMATION AGE

Committee on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy

Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

Policy and Global Affairs

Dale W. Jorgenson and Charles W. Wessner, Editors

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by: Contract/Grant No. CMRC-50SBNB9C1080 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Commerce; Contract/ Grant No. NASW-99037, Task Order 103, between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Contract/Grant No. CMRC-SB134105C0038 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Commerce; Contract/Grant No. OFED-13416 between the National Academy of Sciences and Sandia National Laboratories; Contract/Grant No. N00014-00-G-0230, DO #23, between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of the Navy; Contract/ Grant No. NSF-EIA-0119063 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation; and Contract/Grant No. DOE-DE-FG02-01ER30315 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Energy. Additional support was provided by Intel Corporation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine


The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.


The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.


The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.


The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.


www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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Committee on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy*

Dale Jorgenson, Chair

Samuel W. Morris University

Professor

Harvard University

M. Kathy Behrens Managing Director of Medical Technology

Robertson Stephens Investment Management

Kenneth Flamm Dean Rusk Chair in International Affairs

Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs University of Texas at Austin

Bronwyn Hall Professor of Economics

University of California at Berkeley

James Heckman Henry Schultz Distinguished Service Professor of Economics

University of Chicago

Richard Levin President

Yale University

David T. Morgenthaler Founding Partner

Morgenthaler Ventures

William J. Spencer, Vice Chair Chairman Emeritus, retired

SEMATECH

Mark B. Myers Visiting Executive Professor of Management

The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania

Roger Noll Morris M. Doyle Centennial Professor of Economics

Director,

Public Policy Program Stanford University

Edward E. Penhoet President

Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

William Raduchel Chairman and CEO

The Ruckus Network

Alan Wm. Wolff Managing Partner

Dewey Ballantine

*

As of June 2006.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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Project Staff*

Charles W. Wessner Study Director

McAlister T. Clabaugh Program Associate

David E. Dierksheide Program Officer

Paul J. Fowler Senior Research Associate

Jeffrey McCullough Program Associate

Sujai J. Shivakumar Program Officer

*

As of June 2006.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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For the National Research Council (NRC), this project was overseen by the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP), a standing board of the NRC established by the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine in 1991. The mandate of the STEP Board is to integrate understanding of scientific, technological, and economic elements in the formulation of national policies to promote the economic well-being of the United States. A distinctive characteristic of STEP’s approach is its frequent interactions with public- and private-sector decision makers. STEP bridges the disciplines of business management, engineering, economics, and the social sciences to bring diverse expertise to bear on pressing public policy questions. The members of the STEP Board* and the NRC staff are listed below:


Dale Jorgenson, Chair

Samuel W. Morris University Professor

Harvard University


Timothy Bresnahan

Landau Professor in Technology and the Economy

Stanford University


Lewis Coleman

President

DreamWorks Animation


Kenneth Flamm

Dean Rusk Chair in International Affairs

Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs

University of Texas at Austin


Mary L. Good

Donaghey University Professor

Dean, Donaghey College of Information Science and Systems Engineering

University of Arkansas at Little Rock


Amo Houghton

Member of Congress (ret.)


David T. Morgenthaler

Founding Partner

Morgenthaler Ventures


Joseph Newhouse

John D. MacArthur Professor of Health Policy and Management

Harvard University


Edward E. Penhoet

President

Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation


Arati Prabhakar

General Partner

U.S. Venture Partners


William J. Raduchel

Chairman and CEO

The Ruckus Network


Jack Schuler

Chairman

Ventana Medical Systems


Suzanne Scotchmer

Professor of Economics and Public Policy

University of California at Berkeley

*

As of June 2006.

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STEP Staff*

Stephen A. Merrill

Executive Director


McAlister T. Clabaugh

Program Associate


David E. Dierksheide

Program Officer


Paul Fowler

Senior Research Associate


Charles W. Wessner

Program Director


Jeffrey McCullough

Program Associate


Ben Roberts

Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Fellow


Sujai J. Shivakumar

Program Officer

*

As of June 2006.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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 Deconstructing the Computer: Measuring Computer Hardware Performance,

 

76

   

  Developing Hedonic Price Indexes,

 

77

   

  Methodological Challenges and Opportunities for Hedonic Pricing,

 

78

   

 Measuring Software Performance,

 

81

   

  Measurement Challenges: The Complexity of Software,

 

82

   

  Tracking Software in National Accounts,

 

83

   

  Gauging Private Fixed Software Investment,

 

84

   

  Tracking Software Price Changes,

 

87

   

 Measuring Telecom Prices,

 

87

   

  Towards Improved Measures of the New Economy,

 

90

   

 Sustaining the New Economy,

 

90

   

 Challenges to Sustaining Moore’s Law,

 

90

   

  Overcoming Technological Brick Walls,

 

91

   

  Resource Challenges to Sustaining Moore’s Law,

 

92

   

 Strategies to Sustain Moore’s Law,

 

94

   

  Cooperative Ventures in Semiconductor Research,

 

94

   

  Expanding the Use of Technology Roadmaps,

 

95

   

 Software and the New Economy,

 

98

   

  Making Software More Robust Against Errors and Attacks,

 

100

   

  Enhancing Software Reliability,

 

101

   

  The Software Labor Market and the Offshoring Impetus,

 

102

   

  Potential Impacts of Offshoring on Future U.S. Innovative Capacities,

 

105

   

 The Telecommunications Challenge,

 

109

   

  Communications Technology: A Vision of the Future,

 

109

   

  Sustaining the New Economy: The Broadband Challenge,

 

113

   

  The End of Stovepiping,

 

122

   

  Intellectual Property in the Era of Digital Distribution,

 

124

   

  The Challenge for Regulation,

 

126

   

  Towards a New Agenda of Research,

 

126

   

 The Future of the New Economy,

 

127

IV.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

131

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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Preface

The New Economy refers to technological and structural changes in the U.S. economy as individuals capitalize on new technologies, new opportunities, and national investments in computing, information, and communications technologies. Ongoing rapid declines in the prices of computers and semiconductors as well as apparent similar declines in the prices of software and communications equipment have led to diverse new information technology (IT)-enabled capabilities and the widespread adoption of information technologies. These investments have significantly improved the nation’s productivity, raising the trajectory of economic growth since the mid-1990s.1 This gain appears to be robust, having survived the dot-com crash, the short recession of 2001, and the tragedy of 9/11. Since the end of the previous recession of 2001, productivity growth had been running at about two-tenths of a percentage point higher than in any recovery of the post-World War II period.2

A structural change most associated with the New Economy today is the transformation of the Internet from a communication media to a platform for service delivery.3 This has led to the remarkable growth of the U.S. service

1

Dale W. Jorgenson and Kevin J. Stiroh, “Raising the Speed Limit: Economic Growth in the Information Age,” in National Research Council, Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy, Dale W. Jorgenson and Charles W. Wessner, eds., Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2002, Appendix A.

2

Dale W. Jorgenson, Mun S. Ho, and Kevin J. Stiroh, “Will the U.S. Productivity Resurgence Continue?” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Current Issues in Economics and Finance, 10(13), 2004.

3

This transformation is sometimes referred to as “Web 2.0.” For a description of this new version of the Web, see Tim O’Reilly, “What Is Web 2.0—Design Patterns and Business Models

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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economy, as companies like Google and eBay increasingly exploit information services in new ways.

THE CONTEXT OF THIS REPORT: THE COMMITTEE’S TASK

In order to sustain the benefits of higher productivity and economic growth, policy makers need to improve their understanding of the operation of this new American economy. Unfortunately, the empirical record of this change is incomplete, with much remaining to be done before definitive quantitative assessments can be made about the role that these new technological assets play in the U.S. economy.

To meet this need, the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) appointed a committee to convene a series of conferences designed to identify and address the policy issues associated with the measurement, development, and growth characteristic of the “New Economy.” Focusing primarily on the Information Technology sector as the major driver of productivity growth from the 1990s, the study has examined key sectors, or building blocks, that underpin this new and more productive U.S. economy. These sectors include semiconductors (one of the principal drivers of productivity growth), computers and their various components (another driver of productivity), software in its various forms (pervasive throughout the economy), and the contributions of dramatically improved capacity and lower cost of telecommunication services and data transmission.

The study took up a series of issues such as:

  • measurement issues, such as data classification and collection requirements;

  • the building block technologies of the “new economy,” including their special characteristics and synergies across industries; and

  • policy and regulatory issues.

CONFERENCES ON THE NEW ECONOMY

Following an initial conference that provided the impetus for this project, separate conferences on each of these sectors were convened over several years. Each identified major issues associated with the measurement and analysis of the current U.S. economy, the technologies underpinning its growth, and the government-industry collaborations and regulatory framework necessary to sustain its continued advance. The proceedings of each of these conferences have been captured in separate reports. These reports, together with commissioned

for the Next Generation of Software” September 30, 2005. Accessed at <http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html>.

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papers, have been used to establish a basis for this final consensus report by the Committee.

The conferences included:

  • Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Held on October 6, 2000, at the National Academies, Washington, D.C., this initial exploratory conference described the nature and sources of growth in the “new” economy and set out the broad challenges faced in measuring and sustaining the growth in productivity that characterizes it. The conference provided the initial impetus for this project and, with subsequent approval and funding, led to a series of workshops dealing with the specific sectors most closely linked to emergence and sustainability of the positive trends that now distinguish the U.S. economy. An initial report captured the deliberations of this conference and attracted the interest of Washington policy makers.4

  • Productivity and Cyclicality in the Semiconductor Industry. Held at Harvard University on September 24, 2001, soon after the 11 September terror attacks, this conference looked at the trends, implications, and policy questions that arise from an understanding of the Moore’s Law phenomenon in semiconductors. It explored how the cyclicality found in the semiconductor industry might be modeled. It also highlighted a variety of policy initiatives needed to help sustain a vibrant semiconductor industry in the United States.5

  • Deconstructing the Computer. This conference, held on February 28, 2003, brought together leading figures from the different industries that develop and manufacture computer components (such as printers, memories, and monitors) to examine the extent of Moore’s Law phenomenon in their industry and to explore how best to measure computer performance and how to sustain the benefits to the economy arising from a Moore’s Law for computer components.6

  • Software, Growth, and the Future of the U.S. Economy. This conference, held on February 20, 2004, examined the nature of software, reviewed how software has been measured in the national accounts, and discussed the challenges of capturing the value and vulnerabilities of software, given that the nature of software is itself rapidly evolving. The meeting also highlighted the globalization of the software industry, the recent “offshoring” phenomenon, and the policy challenges that these developments pose.7

4

See National Research Council, Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy, Dale W. Jorgenson and Charles W. Wessner, eds., Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2002.

5

See National Research Council, Productivity and Cyclicality in Semiconductors: Trends, Implications, and Questions, Dale W. Jorgenson and Charles W. Wessner, eds., Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2004.

6

See National Research Council, Deconstructing the Computer, Dale W. Jorgenson and Charles W. Wessner, eds., Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2005.

7

See National Research Council, Software, Growth, and the Future of the U.S. Economy, Dale W. Jorgenson and Charles W. Wessner, eds., Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2006.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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  • The Telecommunications Challenge: Changing Technologies and Evolving Policies. Taking stock of the rapid convergence between telecommunications and information technologies, participants at this final conference in the series, held on November 15, 2004, examined the need to expand the reach of the nation’s high-bandwidth broadband network. Discussed in this context was the need for an adaptive policy framework that encourages innovation in telecommunications, and the development of new business models for telephony as well as voice and video entertainment.8

The proceedings of each of these conferences have been published in separate volumes by The National Academies Press. Although the technologies of the industries considered at these conferences continue to evolve rapidly, the reports nonetheless capture conceptual issues of continued policy relevance to the industry leaders, academics, policy analysts, and others who participated in these workshops. Part III of this report summarizes key issues taken up at these five conferences. The knowledge and insights reflected in the remarks of industry and policy representatives capture tacit knowledge that is not always available through formal academic analysis. These insights, buttressed by the commissioned papers, provide a valuable review and, in some cases, analysis of selected themes. Both the workshop summaries and the papers contributed to this consensus report.

While this report reflects the wide scope of the Committee’s deliberations, it does not attempt (nor could it hope) to address all aspects of the causes and effects of the modern information economy. For instance, this volume does not provide a comprehensive study of the developments within industries that use information technologies, such as the retailing or transportation industries. Nor does it provide a detailed discussion of the experience of information technology-supplying industries that are related to but outside the Internet, such as the supercomputing or cellular industries. Other areas not covered include the potential role of standards committees in fostering technical advance, possible changes to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles to improve how R&D is captured, the role nanotechnologies could play in advancing information technology, and changes in spectrum policy to move the spectrum from low value to higher value uses.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

There is considerable interest in the policy community in developing a better understanding of the technological drivers and appropriate regulatory framework

8

See National Research Council, The Telecommunications Challenge: Changing Technologies and Evolving Policies, Charles W. Wessner, ed., Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2006.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
×

for the New Economy, as well as a better grasp of its operation. This interest is reflected in the support on the part of agencies that have played a role in the creation and development of the technologies and regulatory frameworks that underpin the New Economy. We are grateful for the participation and the contributions of the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Office of Naval Research, and Sandia National Laboratories.

Among STEP staff, we especially wish to thank Dr. Sujai Shivakumar for his instrumental role in the creation of this report. His ability to synthesize the diverse perspectives into a coherent whole while capturing key themes was essential. We are also indebted to David Dierksheide for his role in preparing this report for publication.

NRC REVIEW

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Academies’ Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Ana Aizcorbe, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Bruce Grimm, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Paul Horn, IBM Thomas Watson Research Center; Way Kuo, University of Tennessee; William Scherlis, Carnegie Mellon University; Kevin Stiroh, Federal Reserve Bank of New York; William Taylor, NERA Economic Consulting; and Larry Thompson, Ultratech Stepper, Inc.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Charles Phelps, University of Rochester. Appointed by the National Academies, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

STRUCTURE

Part I of this report is an introduction to the features and challenges of the New Economy by Dale Jorgenson. Part II of this report provides a summary of

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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the Committee’s findings and recommendations for each of the sectors covered in the series of conferences. Finally, Part III summarizes the main themes from the proceedings of the five conferences listed above, drawing together the main policy challenges for the United States in sustaining the productivity growth and improved welfare associated with the New Economy. The overview of the findings and recommendations that follows this preface is designed to provide the harried reader an overview of the new economy story as a whole, while Part II provides interested individuals a greater focus on the individual high-technology sectors that contribute to the remarkable growth of the United States economy.

Dale W. Jorgenson

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List of Acronyms

BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce

BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor

CD Compact Disc

CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor, a major class of integrated circuits

DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory

DSL Digital Subscriber Line is a family of technologies that provide digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network.

DVD Digital Video Disk

EUV Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography technology, capable of creating nanometer-scale patterns for use in semiconductor manufacturing

FASB The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) develops Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States.

FCC Federal Communications Commission

H-1B H-1B is a U.S. visa category that allows American companies and universities to employ foreign scientists, engineers, programmers, and other professionals in the United States.

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IMEC The Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre is a microelectronics research facility on the outskirts of Leuven, Belgium.

IPTV Internet Protocol Television describes a system where a digital television service is delivered to subscribing consumers using the Internet Protocol over a broadband connection.

ITRS International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors

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LCD Liquid Crystal Display

LLU Local Loop Unbundling is the process of allowing telecommunications operators to use the twisted-pair telephone connections from the telephone exchange’s central office to the customer premises.

NIPA National Income and Product Accounts use double entry accounting to report the monetary value and sources of output produced in a country and the distribution of incomes that production generates.

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OLED Organic Light Emitting Diode

SEC Securities and Exchange Commission

TCP/IP The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) are sets of communications protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet and most commercial networks run.

VAT Value-Added Tax

VOIP Voice over Internet Protocol is the routing of voice conversations over the Internet or through any other IP-based network.

WDM Wavelength-division multiplexing is a technology that multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colors) of laser light to carry different signals.

WiFi A technology for wireless local area networks. Designed to be used for mobile computing devices such as laptops, it is increasingly used for applications including Internet access, gaming, and basic connectivity of consumer electronics such as televisions and DVD players.

WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. WiMAX is a standards-based wireless technology that provides high-throughput broadband connections over long distances. WiMAX can be used for a number of applications, including “last mile” broadband connections, hotspots and cellular backhaul, and high-speed enterprise connectivity for business.

WTO World Trade Organization

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11823.
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This report summarizes a workshop—Strengthening Science-Based Decision-Making: Implementing the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants held June 7-10, 2004, in Beijing, China. The presentations and discussions summarized here describe the types of scientific information necessary to make informed decisions to eliminate the production and use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) banned under the Stockholm Convention, sources of information; scientifically informed strategies for eliminating POPs, elements of good scientific advice, such as transparency, peer review, and disclosure of conflicts of interest; and information dealing with POPs that decision makers need from the scientific community, including next steps to make such science available and ensure its use on a continuing basis.

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