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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

Index

A

Abstraction hierarchies, 198

Accidents

Bhopal, 328

Chernobyl, 1

in large-scale systems, 1

at power plants, 198

Three Mile Island, 1, 256, 328

by Vincennes, 328

ACR. See Architecture commitment review

ACT-R model, 167, 244, 321

Active Risk Management, 311

Activity view, concurrent levels of, 4144

ACWA. See Applied cognitive work analysis method

Adaptability, 6, 26

Adjustable methods, 24

Advanced spectroscopic portals (ASPs), 105

Advocacy.

See also Nonadvocate technical experts

for consideration of HSI, 15

Affinity analysis, 175

Afghanistan, current needs in, 93

AFQT. See Armed Forces Qualification Test

Aggregation, of features, 26

Agile methods, 35, 37

Air Force Falconer Air Operations Center, 16

Air Force Research Laboratory, 2

Air traffic control systems, 13, 21

AIRPRINT, 296

Alarms, with melodies, 111112

ALARP. See As low as reasonably practicable

Alertness level, 227228

Ambiguity, 63

American Anthropology Association, 154 n.1

Anchor point milestone reviews, 23, 25, 37, 44

development commitment, 4446

Anthropometric models, 244

Applied cognitive work analysis (ACWA) method, 62

Applied Physics Lab, 144

Applied Psychology Research Unit, 10

Aptima, Inc., 162

Archetypes, composite user, 65

Architecting phase, 3

and design, 247

point-solution, 33

Architectural prototypes, 236

Architecture commitment review (ACR), 44

procedures, 46

Architectures, back-end, 238

Armed Forces Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), 1920

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), 19

Army Comanche Helicopter program, 13

Army Human Engineering Directorate, 19

Army Research Laboratory, 2

Artifact models, 50, 176, 280

As low as reasonably practicable (ALARP), 259

ASPs. See Advanced spectroscopic portals

Assessment of HSI

of contributors to system adaptability and resilience, 330

of risks, 327329

ASVAB. See Armed Forces Aptitude Test Battery

Asynchronous communication patterns, 147

ATM machine withdrawals, 197

hierarchical task analysis of, 158159, 161

AT&T Architecture Review Board procedures, 46

Attention management, 207, 318

Automated methods, based on rules and guidelines, 272

Automatic external defibrillator, example FTA for a hypothetical, 263

Automation, 11

B

Back-end architectures, 238

Baselines, generating, 278279

BDUF. See Big design up front activities

BEAST. See Boeing Engineering Aerospace Simulation Tool program

Behavioral patterns, 186

Bell Laboratories, 10

Best-effort definitions, 49

Best practices

for HSI, 57

for risk mitigation, 6774

tables of, 44

Bhopal accident, 328

“Bifocal tools,” 212

Big design up front (BDUF) activities, 39

“Blogs,” 22, 289290, 292

“Bobby” tool, 245, 272

Boeing Engineering Aerospace Simulation Tool (BEAST) program, 146

Bootstrap process, 165166

Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion, 220

Budget constraints, 23

tailoring methods to, 24

Business case, 77

viability of, 4

Business Week, 1

C

CAIV. See Cost as an independent variable

Cameras, reconceptualizing, 65

“Cardboard computers,” 172, 212213

Case studies, 91125

“next-generation” intravenous infusion pump, 105125

port security, 97105

unmanned aerial systems, 9297

Cassette loading, semiautomatic, 112113

Cause-effect relationships, 50

CBP. See Customs and border protection

CDM. See Critical decision method

Centralization, 145

Change.

See also Rapid change

in conditions and requirements in the workplace, designing to accommodate, 26, 300301

CHAOS report, 191

Chernobyl accident, 1

Child safety, concerns about, 10

Choke points, identifying, 103, 202

Circadian rhythm, 227

Cmap Tools software suite, 315

COGNET/iGEN model, 244

Cognitive task analysis (CTA), 161169

a bootstrap process, 165166

contributions to system design phases, 167

overview, 161166

relationship to task analysis, 165

representative methods, 162165

shared representations, 166167

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 168169

in the unmanned aerial systems case study, 166

uses of methods, 167

Cognitive walkthroughs, 272

Cognitive work analysis methodology, 199

analytic tools involved in, 202

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

Collaboration-at-a-distance, 289

Collaboration failures, 5

Collaboration-intensive systems, 4, 25

Color touch screens, large, 111

Colors, stoplight, 83

Command and control (C2), 286287, 300

Command and control vehicles, 12

Committee on Human Factors, 2

Committee on Human-System Design Support for Changing Technology, 2

charge and scope of, 1617

report organization, 2728

Common ground, 61

Common Industry Specification for Usability Requirements, 194195, 267

Communication.

See also Shared representations for communication

among members of the development team, 195

creating shared representations for, 25

between customers and suppliers, 195

of risk, improving, 329330

Compatibility, evidence of, 45

Complexity of systems, 1, 144145, 308

Composite stories, 231

Composite user archetypes, 65

Computational tools, paucity of, 206

Computer simulations, 25, 106, 240, 267

Concept mapping, 163

of the role of cold fronts in the Gulf Coast, 164

Concurrent engineering process models, 34, 37, 48, 51

Concurrent systems, definition and development, 32, 105

Conditions, accommodation to changing, 101102

Consensus building, 2n. 1

Consequence levels, assessing, 8283

Consumer Product Safety Commission, 10

Context of use analysis methods, 136138

cognitive task analysis, 161169

contextual inquiry, 175177

defining opportunities and, 55, 129, 135188, 279280

event data analysis, 177188

field observations and ethnography, 150157

organizational and environmental context, 139150

participatory analysis, 169175

task analysis, 157161

Contexts, 1822

military sector, 1820

private sector, 2022

of use, 138

Contextual design, 216217

contributions to the system design process, 217

shared representations, 217

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 217

Contextual inquiries, 114115, 149, 175177

affinity analysis, 175

contributions to the system design process, 139, 177

interpretation, 175

overview, 175176

shared representations, 176

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 177

Control, of information, 22

Control rooms, 157

for power plants, 139

Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Survey, 219

Cost as an independent variable (CAIV), 76

Cost-competitive contracts, 33

Cost-effective systems, 23

Costs, providing a basis for controlling, 195

Cougaar, 311

Crisis response systems, 15

Critical decision method (CDM), 162

Critical success factor (CSF) aspects of top five software projects, 52

CTA. See Cognitive task analysis

Cultural analysis, 147148

Cultural models, 144, 176, 251252

Current-point-in-time shapshot requirements, 33

Customer observations, negative, 1314, 112113

Customs and border protection (CBP), 98, 104

D

D-OMAR model, 245

DART, 311

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

Data

analysis, 183184

collection, 6, 183, 187, 319

mining, 178, 318319

privacy of, 319

rate of change of, 22

representation, 184

Data-reduction methods, 178

DATech, 271

DCR. See Development commitment review

Decentralization, of information, 22

Decompositions

goal/task, 279280

hierarchical, 283

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 311

Defense systems, 24

Defibrillators, automatic external, 263

Defining requirements and design, 56, 129, 189252

contextual design, 216217

methods for mitigating fatigue, 226229

models and simulations, 240252

participatory design, 210216

personas, 233235

physical ergonomics, 217223

prototyping, 235239

scenarios, 230233

situation awareness, 223226

usability requirements, 191197

work domain analysis, 197207

workload assessment, 207210

Delphi group decision-making technique, 262

Descriptive methods, in ethnography, 151

Design

as an innovative process, 189

as a socially constructed process, 61

Design cycle time, pressure to reduce, 12

Design issues

decisions, 109

meaning, 63

and methods used, 124125

opportunities and constraints, 5

solutions, 56, 280281

Design team members, 11

Development commitment review (DCR), 44, 47, 49

procedures, 46

Development phase, 3

risk of destabilizing, 50

DHS. See U.S. Department of Homeland Security

Diagrams, 25

Differentiation, 144145

Digital human physical simulations, 243244

Disuse, operational stage risk of, 59

Diversity, managing, 152

Documentaries, multimedia, 173

DoD. See U.S. Department of Defense

Domain knowledge, repository of, 206

Drawing workshops, 171172

Dutch Musculoskeletal Survey, 219

E

E-commerce web sites, 255

Ease of use, 249250

Eclipse Process Framework OpenUP, 302

ECR. See Exploration commitment review

EDA. See Event data analysis

Education of HSI specialists.

See also Human-system integration, developing as a discipline

opportunities for, 14

Electronic models, 25

Electronic Systems Center, 16

Emergency Care Research Institute, 110

Emergency medical missions, 15

Emergent behavior, 15, 53

Emergent requirements, 33

Emotional models, 251252

Encyclopedias.

See also Wikipedia online, user-constructed, 22

End-state operational system risks, 57

Energy systems, 255

Engineering development risk, management of, 59

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) package, 39

Environmental context, 5, 17, 139150

contributions to system design phases, 149

methods and respective sources of data, 141

overview, 139141

shared representations, 141144

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 149

uses of methods, 144149

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

“Envisioned world” problem, 163164

EPIC model, 245, 321

“Epistemic status,” 231

ERP. See Enterprise resource planning package

Errors

operational stage risk of, 59

taxonomies of, 328

ESDA. See Exploratory sequential data analysis

Ethical considerations, 6, 316320

Ethnographic inquiry, 231

contributions to the system design process, 154156

interviews, 153

methods, 213

observations, 153154

practices, 152154

principles, 150152

shared representations, 155

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 155157

European Union, 319

Evaluation, 56, 247248, 281282

heuristic, 271272

of remaining plan activities, 90

of success accomplishments, 90

system-level, 14

Event data analysis (EDA), 5, 95, 177188

contributions to system design phases, 185186

ethical implications, 316320

examples of uses of, 180181

overview, 177178

shared representations, 178179

uses of methods, 180185

Event trees, 260

Evolutionary system growth, 51

Evolvability, designing for, 26

Excel spreadsheets, 321

Expert COCOMO/COCOTS, 311

Exploration commitment review (ECR), 4647

Exploration phase, 3, 246247

Exploratory sequential data analysis (ESDA), 184

F

Failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA), 259n.1

Failure modes and effects analyses (FMEA), 115, 124, 159, 253, 259n. 1, 260

advantages and disadvantages of, 264

of Symbiq™ IV Pump, 119121

Failures. See Collaboration failures;

Human-system failures;

Product failures;

System failures

Fallback plans, identification of, 89

Fault tree analysis (FTA), 253

advantages and disadvantages of, 265

and other technique variations, 260262

steps in performing, 264

FDA. See Food and Drug Administration

Feasibility

evidence of, 45

rationale for, 50

Feature needs

large color touch screens, 111

medication libraries with hard and soft dosage limits, 110111

semiautomatic cassette loading, 112113

special alarms with melodies, 111112

special pole mounting hardware, 113

stacking requirements, 113114

and their rationales, 110114

tubing management, 114

“Feedreaders,” 289

“Field modification,” 28

Field observations, 5, 123, 150157

ethnographic practices, 152154

ethnographic principles, 150152

Fitts’s law, 321

Flash™ animations, 119, 119n. 1

Flow models, 176

FMEA. See Failure modes and effects analyses

steps in performing, 261

FMECA. See Failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis

Focus groups, 122

“Folksonomies,” 22, 290

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 110, 113

Formalization, 145

Formative evaluation, uses of methods in, 267268

FTA. See Fault tree analysis

Full-scale warfare, 15

Function allocation, 131

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

Funders of research, lack of commitment to HSI by, 2, 5

The future, 7, 275330

conclusions and recommendations, 296330

scenarios for, 277295

Future-vision stories, 232

Future workshops, 171

Futures table, 144

G

Gantt charts, 209, 279281

Global context, 16

Goal/task decompositions, 279280

GOMS (goals, operators, methods, and selection rules) method, 167, 242243, 249250, 281, 321

Google, 178

Government organizations, 45

Graphic user interface (GUI) simulations, 119

interactive builder, 3233

Grounded theory, 152153

Group narratives, 183

“thinking with,” 63

Groupware support systems, 38

Guidelines, 271

H

Habitability, in the military sector, 1

Hand-off functions, 94

Handbook of Systems Engineering and Management, 34

Hardware models, with integrated usability tests, 119120

Harms, defining, 257

Health hazards.

See also Safety and health considerations

in the military sector, 18

Heuristic evaluation, 271272

Hierarchical task analysis (HTA), 157158

formalism of, 166

graphic representation of, 159

Hierarchies

abstraction, 198

decomposing, 283

deep supplier, 50

High assurance, incremental development for accommodating, 4951

High-level languages, 251

Holistic methods, 16

in ethnography, 151

of measuring risk, 83

Home media systems, 13

Hospira customer service organization, 110

Hospital systems, 12

HSI. See Human-system integration

HTA. See Hierarchical task analysis

Human capabilities and needs, considering early, 1

Human cognitive characteristics, 2

Human-computer interaction, 10

Human digital modeling, 221, 223

Human error analysis, 255265

contributions to system design phases, 262

general model of, for security screening, 100

identification of hazards, 257259

shared representations, 259262

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 262265

Human factors

analysis of, 295

events in the growth of, 10

introducing early enough, 14

professionals in, 59

Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 10, 125, 313

Human factors engineering, 1, 11

in the military sector, 18

Human-in-the-loop evaluations/simulations, 87, 209, 232, 240241, 265

Human-intensive systems, future of, 3

Human-system domain experts, 2

Human-system engineering, 2

Human-system failures, 13

Human-system integration (HSI), 2, 4, 9, 31

accommodating the emergence of requirements, 303

activities, participants, methods, and shared representation, 130

beginning early and continuing throughout the development life cycle, 297

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

developing as a discipline, 7, 284286, 312313

modeling, 99

operational requirements in contracts and acquisition documents, 303304

risks, 57

sizing the effort, 309310

system development led by, 282284

for UASS in the context of the risk-driven spiral, 9697

Human-system integration (HSI) in the context of risk-driven incremental commitments, 98103

accommodation to changing conditions and workplace requirements, 101102

HSI methods tailored to time and budget constraints, 99100

scalable methods, 102103

shared representations used to communicate, 100101

Human-system integration (HSI) in the incremental commitment model, 5760, 9496

Human-system integration (HSI) in the system development process, 5574, 127274

best practices for risk mitigation, 6774

case studies, 91125

conclusion, 66

defining opportunities and context of use, 55, 129, 135188

defining requirements and design, 56, 129, 189252

evaluating, 56

function allocation, 131

managing risks, 7590

methods for evaluation, 129, 253274

performance measurement, 131133

shared representations, 6166

the system development process, 3154

Human-system integration methods tailored to time and budget constraints, 99100

Human-system model development, 320322

I

IBM/Rational Unified Process, 302

ICM. See Incremental commitment model

Identification

of fallback plans, 89

of hazards and when risk management is conducted, 257259

of HSI contributors to system adaptability and resilience, 330

of risks, 7884, 327329

IEC. See International Electrotechnical Commission

IMPRINT (Improved Performance Research and Integration Tool), 19, 241, 249250, 321

Incremental commitment model (ICM), 9, 23, 31, 3651

for accommodating rapid change and high assurance, 4951

activity categories and level of effort, 41

anchor point milestone feasibility rationale, 46

concurrent levels of activity view, 4144

development commitment anchor point milestone review, 4446

different risks creating different processes, 40

life-cycle process elaboration, 36, 45

milestone reviews, 37, 4647

phases of, 44

principles, 33

process model generator view, 3940

project experience with, 5053

spiral view of, 4749

top-5 projects explicitly using, 51, 51n.1

Incremental growth, of system definition and stakeholder commitment, 32, 103104

Individual stories, 231

Information, sharing across domains, 7

Input/output system diagrams, 142

Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, 315

Institute for Safe Medical Practices, 110

Institutionalization, of a system development process based on the success factors, 302

Insurgency suppression missions, 15

Integrated product team (IPT), 8081, 283, 286287, 298

structuring HSI-led system development, 284

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

Integrated usability tests, integrated hardware and software models with, 119120

Integration of human systems and systems engineering, 27, 145, 250251, 278286, 298, 301314

accommodating the emergence of HSI requirements, 303

defining opportunities and requirements and defining the context of use, 279280

design solutions, 280281

developing HSI as a discipline, 284286, 312313

evaluation, 281282

fostering more synergy between research and practice, 314

generating a baseline, 278279

HSI-led system development, 282284

humans in the design process, 1

institutionalizing a system development process based on the success factors, 302

knowledge-based planning aids for HSI, 310312

managing system development, 6, 305

meaning of, 282

operational requirements in contracts and acquisition documents, 303304

shared representations, 307308

sizing the HSI effort, 309310

systems of systems, 308309

traceability and requirements, 305307

Interconnectedness and interdependency, 26

International Council on Systems Engineering, 313

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 112

International Ergonomics Association, 217n. 2, 313

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 131

International Journal of Human System Integration, 313

International Organization for Standardization. See ISO standards

Internet, the.

See also Web 2.0 influence on culture, 154

Interpretation, 175, 231

Interviews, 153

IPT. See Integrated product team

Iraq, current needs in, 93

ISO standards, 4, 115, 302

ISO 9241-11, 192, 268, 271

ISO/IEC 15288, 196, 310

ISO/IEC 9126-1, 191

ISO/PAS 18152, 44, 57, 311

ISO/TR 18529, 310

Iteration, 48, 60

system definition and development, 32

system growth, 51

usability tests, 122

IV pumps

tube management features, 107

two channel, 107

J

JSAF model, 244

K

Keystroke-level analysis, 13, 186, 249

Knowledge acquisition techniques, 161

Knowledge-based planning for HSI, 286287, 310312

tools for, 7

L

Labor savings, 14

Laboratory studies, 153

Lag sequential analysis, 184

Large-scale systems. See Systems of systems

LCA. See Life-cycle architecture package

Lead systems integrator (LSI), 15

Lean development process, 51

Lean methods, 37

Libraries. See Medication libraries

LibraryThing, 290

Life-cycle architecture (LCA)

development phases, 3

of the ICM and EDA, 185

operational stage risk of high costs, 59

package, 44, 50

planning, 124

LIFT tool, 272

Likelihood levels, assessing, 8283

Limitations, 249252

of cultural, team, and emotional models, 251252

ease of use, 249250

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

of high-level languages, 251

of integration, 250251

Limited warfare, 15

Link Trainer, 240

Linkage of system engineering principles to HSI activities that reduce risks, 58

LMM. See Lumbar motion monitor

Logistics planning tools, 311

Lose-lose situation, 38

Low-technology representations, 172173, 212, 212n. 1, 213

LSI. See Lead systems integrator

Lumbar motion monitor (LMM), 221

M

Macromedia Flash Player, 119n. 1

Manpower, personnel, and training (MPT) domains, 18

Manpower considerations, 1, 5, 11

in the military sector, 1819

MANPRINT (Manpower Personnel Integration) program, 10, 17, 24, 296, 298, 307308

Manufacturing sector, 17, 21

Maps, territory, 64

Market capture goals, 4

Marketing Requirement Document, 110

Markov modeling, 184

“Mash-up” technologies, 26, 289, 291

Matrix organization, 146

Maximizing the cost-effectiveness of usability evaluation, 326327

Medical equipment

possible harms and hazards from the use of, 258

standards for, 114

use of an automatic external defibrillator, 258

use of an automatic needle injection device, 258

Medical Research Council Laboratory, 10

Medication libraries, with hard and soft dosage limits, 110111

Mental workload, 207208

Meta-design approaches, 293

Method acting, 234

Methods.

See also Types of methods;

Uses of methods

application instrumentation, 270

for assessing discomfort, 219

for assessing injury risk, 221

for assessing posture, 220

based on models and simulation, 270

collecting data from usage of an existing system, 270

issues and research needs, 116117

satisfaction surveys, 270

tailoring to time and budget constraints, 24, 299

types of, 6, 268272

uses of, 266272

web metrics, 270

Methods and shared representations, 211214

ethnographic methods, 213

low-technology representations, 212213

scenarios, 211

theatrical approaches, 213

workshop methods, 213214

Methods based on expert assessment of the characteristics of a system, 271272

cognitive walkthrough, 272

guidelines and style guides, 271

heuristic evaluation, 271272

usability walkthrough, 272

Methods based on observing users of a real or simulated system, 268270

formative methods, 268

summative methods, 268269

Methods for defining opportunities and context of use, 314320

tools to support capture and dissemination of results of context of use analyses, 315316

user participation in systems engineering and event data analysis and their ethical implications, 316320

Methods for defining requirements and design, 320324

human-system model development, 320322

prototyping training and organizational design, 322324

Methods for evaluation, 129, 253274, 324330

analysis of human error, 256265

identifying and assessing HSI contributors to system adaptability and resilience, 330

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

identifying and assessing HSI risks, 327329

improving the communication of risk, 329330

improving the use of usability objectives, 324326

maximizing the cost-effectiveness of usability evaluation, 326327

risk analysis, 253256

usability methods, 265274

Methods for mitigating fatigue, 226229

assessment, 220221

contributions to system design phases, 229

overview, 226227

shared representations, 228

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 229

uses of, 227228

Micro-Saint-based models, 321

Microergonomics interventions, 140

Microsoft Office, 270

Milestone B commitment, 39

Military sector context, 10, 12, 1820.

See also Command and control

habitability and survivability in, 1

manpower, 19

personnel, 1920

training, 20

Mission-critical subsystems, 34

Mitigation efforts, “off the books,” 89

MITRE Corp., 162, 311

Models, 3, 5, 7, 25, 240252.

See also Artifact models;

Cultural models;

Emotional models;

Flow models;

Hardware models;

Human digital modeling;

Human-system model development;

Incremental commitment model;

Network models;

Physical models;

Sequence models;

Software models;

Team models

contributions to system design phases, 246248

derived from human cognitive operations, 242243

overview, 240

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 248252

that mimic human cognitive and perceptual-motor behavior, 244246

types and uses of, 240246

ModSAF model, 244

Motivation behind the design, 106

MPT. See Manpower, personnel, and training domains

Multidimensional scaling, 184

Multimedia documentaries, 173

Multiple systems. See Systems of systems

Multitasking, 207

Muscle Fatigue Assessment method, 220

N

Napping, strategic, 227

NASA. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration

National Academies

Committee on Human Factors, 2

study on organizational models, 252

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 60n. 1

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous project, 144

TLX scales, 208

National Aerospace System, 241

National Institutes for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 219220

National Science Foundation, 313

National Transportation Safety Administration, 10

Naval Postgraduate School, 285, 312

Navy Tactical Decision Support systems, 13

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) project, 144

Negative business outcomes.

See also Customer observations

resulting from HSI faults, 259

Negotiation

facilitating, 64

terms oriented to, 34

Nested techniques, 144

Network management, 21

Network models, of human-system performance, 241242

New technologies, 26

feasibility of inserting, 4

governmental and commercial uses of, 22

“Next-generation” intravenous infusion pump, 105125

motivation behind the design, 106

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

summary of design issues and methods used, 124125

user-centered design process in the ICM context, 106124

NIOSH. See National Institutes for Occupational Safety and Health

Nonadvocate technical experts, 79

Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, 219

Norman, Don, 6263

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 313

Nuclear power plants, 21

work domain representation for a pressurized water reactor, 200

Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 262

NYNEX Science and Technology organization, 13

O

Observations, 153154.

See also Customer observations

Observer-participant approach, 153

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 10

Occupational repetitive action (OCRA) methods, 221

OCR. See Operations commitment review

OCRA. See Occupational repetitive action methods

Operation of the Defense Acquisition System, 2, 45, 14

Operational requirements, of HSI, 4

Operational return on investment, 31

Operational stage, 3, 248

Operational stage risks, 59

use-error-induced, 92

Operations commitment review (OCR), 47

Operator fatigue, 226

Opportunity-driven approach, to determining needs for HSI activity, adopting, 298

“Opt-in” and “opt-out” approaches, 320, 320n. 1

Optimization schemes, 140

Options assessment

assuming the risk, 87

avoiding the risk, 8586

handling, 85

mitigating the risks, 8788

transferring the risk, 86

Ordinal values, 82

Organization charts, 141142

Organizational context, 5, 139150

contributions to system design phases, 149

methods and respective sources of data, 141

overview, 139141

shared representations, 141144

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 149

uses of methods, 144149

Organizational design

example of, 146

modeling approaches, 308

Organizational system scan, 144147

Organizational variances, table of, 142

OSHA. See Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Ovako working posture analysis, 220

“Over-confidence” bias, 12

P

PageRank algorithms, 178n. 2

Paper prototypes, 119

Parameter estimation, 13

Part-task simulations, 249

Participatory analysis, 5, 95, 169175, 210216, 230

contributions to the system design process, 173, 214

fitting into the system development process, 174

methods, 211214

overview, 169173, 210211

scenarios in, 172

shared representations, 173174, 211215

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 174175, 215216

workshops in, 170172

Participatory workshops, 170172

drawing and other visual workshops, 171172

future workshops, 171

low-technology representations, 172173

multimedia documentaries, 173

strategic design workshops, 171

Pass/fail reviews, 14

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

Pathfinder network scaling, 179, 179n. 3, 184

Pattern recognition, 318

PDR. See Product requirements document

Performance measurement, 131133

Personas, 233235, 279

contributions to the system design process, 234

shared representations, 233234

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 234235

Personnel considerations, 1, 5, 11

back-up, 12

in the military sector, 1820

“Personnel subsystems,” 10

PERT charts, 209210

Photo documentaries, 172

Physical ergonomics, 5, 217, 217n. 2, 218223

assessing, 207

contributions to system design phases, 222

overview, 217218

shared representations, 218219

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 222223

uses of methods, 219221

Physical models, 25, 176

Physical performance characteristics, 2

Physical prototypes, foam model of a blood analyzer prototype, 237

Physical simulations, digital human, 243244

PLIBEL, 219

Point-solution architecture, 33

Pole mounting hardware, 113

Policy recommendations, 4, 301330

methods for defining opportunities and context of use, 314320

methods for defining requirements and design, 320324

methods for evaluation, 324330

realizing the full integration of human systems and systems engineering, 301314

Polyvinyl toluene sensors, 105

Port security, 97105.

See also Radiation portal monitoring (RPM) systems

HSI in the context of risk-driven incremental commitments, 98103

principles of system development in, 103105

use of work domain analysis in, 202

Power plants.

See also Nuclear power plants

accidents at, 198

control rooms, 139, 204

“Practicum” environment, 286

Preventive action, 124

Price systems, 311

Principles-based comparison, of alternative process models, 3436

Prioritized capabilities, specifying, 34

Prioritized risks, 84

Privacy

of data, 319

options in, 320

Private sector context, 45, 12, 2022

Process control, 17, 21

Process model generator view, 3940

Process tracing, 183

Product design methodologies, 2

Product failures, reducing risk of, 195

Product introduction, 124

Product requirements document (PDR), 119, 121

Product usability characteristics evaluation methods, 271272

automated methods based on rules and guidelines, 272

methods based on expert assessment of the characteristics of a system, 271272

Product variation, 145

Program award fee criteria, 4

Program impacts, assessing, 8384

Program management risks, 57

Program managers, lack of commitment to HSI by, 2

Program schedules, 8990

Progress monitoring, 14

Project Ernestine, 243

Protocols

analysis of, 182

RSS, 289

think-aloud, 225

Prototypes, 3, 56, 25, 119, 235239, 267, 324

architectural, 236

contributions to system design phases, 238

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

overview, 235236

paper, 119

rapid, 22

shared representations, 236237

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 238239

“throwaway,” 212

training and organizational design, 322324

uses of methods, 236

Q

“Qualitative and quantitative personnel requirements inventory,” 10

“Quality in use,” evaluation of, 265

Quick Exposure Checklist, 220

Quick look reports, 60, 60n. 1

R

Radiation portal monitoring (RPM) systems, 9899, 202

large-scale, 97

Rapid change, 33

incremental development for accommodating, 4951

Ratio values, 82

Rational unified process (RUP), 37, 41, 51

R&D. See Research and development

Real options theory, 38

Reason’s error classification, 257

Rebaselining, 32

Recommendations, 2, 4, 296330

adopting a risk- and opportunity-driven approach to determining needs for HSI activity, 298

beginning HSI contributions to development early and continuing them throughout the development life cycle, 297

designing to accommodate changing conditions and requirements in the workplace, 300301

ensuring communication among stakeholders of HSI outputs, 299

integrating across human-system domains as well as across the system life cycle, 298

tailoring methods to time and budget constraints, 299

Recording language, standard, 64

Recording technologies, 153

Reductions

assessing achievement of, 90

in the development effort, 195

Relationships, cause-effect, 50

Reliability, 12

Remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs), 92

Reports, 25

Representations. See Diagrams;

Low-technology representations;

Models;

Prototypes;

Reports;

Shared representations;

Simulations;

Spreadsheets;

Stories;

Storyboards;

Time lines

Representative methods, 162165

for defining opportunities and context of use, 137

for defining requirements and design, 190

for evaluation, 254

Requirements

analysis of, 4, 304

classification of, 192

“creep” of, 294

specification of, 195

specification of inappropriate, 3

Research agenda, 3, 57

full integration of human systems and systems engineering, 67

methods and tools, 56

preliminary, 108109

shared representations, 5

Research and development (R&D), 86

support for, 13

Research recommendations, 301330

methods for defining opportunities and context of use, 314320

methods for defining requirements and design, 320324

methods for evaluation, 324330

realizing the full integration of human systems and systems engineering, 301314

Residual risk, 259

Resilience, 6, 14, 309, 328, 330

Resources

failure to assign, 14, 24

suboptimal, 84, 145

Reusable components, 7, 33

Risk

assuming, 87

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

avoiding, 8586

identification of, 7881

prioritizing, 84

residual, 259

transferring, 86

@Risk, 311

Risk analysis, 5, 7884, 253256

assess likelihood and consequence levels, 8283

assessing program impacts, 8384

defining use error, 255256

determining level of, 83

determining method of, 82

overview, 253256

revised, 124

steps in, 82

Risk-driven ICM approach, 51

for accommodating rapid change and high assurance, 49

adopting, 2324

to determine needs for HSI activity, adopting, 298

Risk-handling options, decision flow of, 85

Risk management, 48, 7590, 104105

e-commerce web sites, 255

early, 115119

energy systems, 255

executing risk mitigation, 8890

handling options assessment, 85

identification of hazards when conducting, 257259

risk-driven activity levels and anchor point milestones, 3233

techniques for, 255

transportation systems, 255

weapons systems, 255

Risk mitigation, 8788

best practices for, 6774

developing a plan, 8889

evaluating plan activities, 90

evaluating success accomplishments, 90

executing, 8890

identifying fallback plans, 89

incorporating into program schedules, 8990

progressive, 23

steps in, 88

Risk of product failure, reducing, 195

Risk priority number (RPN) values, 115, 119

Robust systems, 198

Role networks, 142144

for NASA’s Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous project, 144

Role variances, examples of, 150

Root concept, 231

RPM. See Radiation portal monitoring systems

RPN. See Risk priority number values

RPVs. See Remotely piloted vehicles

RSS protocol, 289

Rules and guidelines, automated methods based on, 272

RUP. See Rational unified process

S

Safety and health considerations, 1, 11

Safety-case submittals, 168

Safety-critical systems, 24, 34, 252

Sample size formula, 327

Satisfaction surveys, 270

Satisficing, 283.

See also Stakeholders

defining, 2n. 1

“Say-do-make” approach, 214

Scalable methods, 24, 102103

multidimensional, 184

Scenarios, 7, 211, 230233, 280

contributions to system design phases, 232

overview, 230

in participatory analysis, 172

shared representations, 231232

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 233

uses of methods, 230231

Scenarios for the future, 277295

integrated methodology, 278286

knowledge-based planning for HSI, 286287

user participation, 288295

Schematic representations, for a compact power plant control room, 204

Screening. See Security screening

Seaports. See Radiation portal monitoring (RPM) systems

SEAPRINT (Systems Engineering, Acquisition, and Personnel Integration), 18, 296

Search and rescue missions, 15

Second round prototypes, for interface to MRI device, 237

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

Security screening

in complex labor situations, 104

general model of human error analysis for, 100

likely tightening of, 22

SEER/SEM, 311

Self-report instruments, 218219

Sensors, polyvinyl toluene, 105

Sequence models, 157159, 176

Service industries, 17

Service-oriented architectures (SOAs), 22, 289290

Shared language, 63

Shared representations, 141144, 155, 159160, 166167, 173179, 194195, 201, 209, 215219, 228, 231237, 259262, 273, 307308

artifact model, 176

attributes of good, 6364

composite stories, 231

cultural model, 176

cultural profile, 144

for defining requirements and design, 190

in the design process, 6466

for evaluation, 254

flow model, 176

and FMEA, 259260

and FTA, 260262

future-vision stories, 232

futures table, 144

individual stories, 231

input/output system diagram, 142

organization charts, 141142

physical model, 176

providing a basis for controlling costs, 195

reducing risk of product failure, 195

reducing the development effort, 195

and role networks, 142144

sequence model, 176

for specification of requirements, 195

table of organizational variances, 142

tracking evolving requirements by providing a format to document usability requirements, 195

usefulness of, 6263

Shared representations for communication, 5, 100101

among members of the development team, 195

of concepts to engineering staff, 100

creating, 25

between customers and suppliers, 195

of HSI issues and opportunities, 6166

Signal detection theory, 242, 321

Simulations, 3, 5, 7, 25, 240252

contributions to system design phases, 246248

overview, 240

part-task, 249

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 248252

types and uses of, 240246

Single-user systems, 21

Situation awareness, 11, 139, 223226

contributions to system design phases, 225

measuring, 224225

overview, 223224

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 225226

Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique, 224

Situation Awareness Rating Technique, 225

SOAs. See Service-oriented architectures

Social network analysis, 185

“Social software” services, 22, 289

“Social tagging,” 22

Socially constructed processes, design as, 61, 63

Sociotechnical systems approach, 141, 148149

Software models, with integrated usability tests, 119120

Software Technology Risk Advisor, 311

“Sourcing,” of information, 22

Space program, 248.

See also National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Special causes, 141

Spimes, 294

Spiral models, 34, 37, 39, 4749

development of, 35

simplified view of the ICM, 48

win-win, 51

Spreadsheets, 5, 25

Stacking requirements, 113114

“Staged world” techniques, 163164

Stakeholders, 2, 5, 11

analyzing, 148149

concurrence of, 40

conflicting requirements of, 15

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

of HSI outputs, ensuring communication among, 299

satisficing, 3132, 48, 283

success-critical, 38, 103

user-centered activities for, 196

Standard recording language, 64

Standardized interface, 22

Standish Group, 191

Stories, 5, 25, 183

Storyboards, 7, 280

Straddle carriers, 102

Strategic design workshops, 171

Style guides, 271

Subjectivity issues, 219

Suboptimal resources. See Resources

Success-critical stakeholder satisficing, 103

Successful system development

concurrent system definition and development, 32

incremental growth of system definition and stakeholder commitment, 32

iterative system definition and development, 32

principles for, 23, 3233

risk-driven activity levels and anchor point milestones, 3233

stakeholder satisficing, 32

Summative methods, 267270

Supplier hierarchies, deep, 50

Survivability, 11

in the military sector, 1, 18

“Sweeps,” 162

Symbiq™ IV Pump, 105107, 114115, 125, 159

excerpts from failure modes and effects analyses (FMEA), 120121

Synergy between research and practice

fostering more, 7, 314

lack of, 14

System design phases, 11

architecting and design, 247

contributions to, 149, 160, 167, 185186, 196, 205206, 209, 222, 225, 229, 232, 238, 246248, 262, 273

evaluation, 247248

exploration and valuation, 246247

operation, 248

System design process, contributions to, 154155, 173, 177, 214, 217, 234

System developers, 14

System development principles, 103105

concurrent system definition and development, 105

incremental growth of system definition and stakeholder commitment, 103104

risk management, 104105

success-critical stakeholder satisficing, 103

System development process, 3154

conclusion, 5354

evolving nature of system requirements, 3334

incremental commitment model, 3639

institutionalizing based on success factors, 302

participatory methods fitting into, 174

principles-based comparison of alternative process models, 3436

principles for successful system development, 3233

project experience with ICM principles, 5153

views of the incremental commitment model, 3951

System diagrams, inputs and outputs, 142

System engineers, 2

System failures, catastrophic, 9

System-level evaluation, 14

System life-cycle processes, 196

activity level of HSI methods across phases of, 56

issues involved in, 2

System performance, compromises in, 24

System requirements

emergent, 33

evolving nature of, 3334

rapid change, 33

reusable components, 33

System resilience. See Resilience

System safety, in the military sector, 18

System scoping, 3

System simulations. See Simulations

Systems engineering for user participation, 291295

Systems of systems, 6, 14, 36, 300, 308309

complexity of, 1, 4, 308

defining, 15

very large, 50

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

T

TADMUS (Tactical Decision Making Under Stress) program, 13

Task analysis, 5, 157161

contributions to system design phases, 160

overview, 157159

relationship to, 165

shared representations, 159160

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 160161

traditional, 201

uses of methods, 160

Task flow diagrams, 115, 118

Taxonomies, of error, 328

Team models, 12, 251252

Technique for human error rate prediction (THERP), 256

Technologies.

See also New technologies

“mash-up,” 26, 289, 291

potential insertion opportunities for, 105

recording, 153

wearable, 292

Territory maps, 64

Testing

of alarm criticality and alerting, 120122

of display readability, 122

rapid, 22

of usability requirements, 194

Theater Response Package, 16

Theatrical approaches, 213, 215

Themes, 2327

adopting a risk-driven approach, 2324

creating shared representations for communication, 25

designing to accommodate changing conditions and requirements in the workplace, 26

integrating HSI contributions across life-cycle phases and human-system domains, 27

tailoring methods to time and budget constraints, 24

Theory-based analysis, 99

Theory W approach, 38

THERP. See Technique for human error rate prediction

Think-aloud protocols, 225

Threat-based RPM display, graphical representation of work flow with, 101

Threat detection, 99

Three Mile Island accident, 1, 256, 328

“Throwaway” prototypes, 212

Time constraints, 23

tailoring methods to, 24

Time of day, and alertness level, 228

Time lines, 7, 279

TIPS cards, 123

TLX scales, 208

Tools.

See also individual tools

for product design, 2

to support capture and dissemination of results of context of use analyses, 315316

Top-5 projects, explicitly using ICM principles, 51, 51n. 1

Touch screens, large color, 111

Traceability, 6

and requirements, 305307

Tracking evolving requirements, by providing a format to document usability requirements, 195

Trade-offs, 3, 19, 34, 140

Training considerations, 1, 5, 11

deficiencies in, 20

in the military sector, 18, 20

Transportation systems, 255

Trustworthiness, 12

Tubing management, 114

Types of methods, 268272.

See also Methods;

Uses of methods

expert-based evaluation, 272

product usability characteristics evaluation, 271272

user behavior evaluation, 268270

Types of models and simulations, 240246

digital human physical simulations, 243244

human-in-the-loop simulation, 240241

models derived from human cognitive operations, 242243

models that mimic human cognitive and perceptual-motor behavior, 244246

network models of human-system performance, 241242

signal detection theory, 242

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

U

UASs. See Unmanned aerial systems

Unintended relations and features, detection of, 62

Unmanned aerial systems (UASs), 9297

conclusion and lessons learned, 9697

hypothetical case, 9394

in the ICM context, 9496

U.S. Army, 10, 1819, 241

U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), 2, 45, 10, 14, 1819, 241, 250, 297, 301304, 313

development milestone reviews, 23, 37

DoD Instruction 5000.2, 2, 45, 14, 302

Milestone B commitment, 39

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 271

U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 97

U.S. Navy, 1819, 250

U.S. Rehabilitation Act, 245

US WEST, 13

Usability

approaches to ensuring, 266

contributions to system design phases, 196, 273

evaluation methods, 5, 232, 265274

of an existing system, measuring, 193

improving the use of objectives, 324326

overview, 191192, 265266

practitioners of, 274

quantifying, 325

setting objectives, 115

shared representations, 194195, 273

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 197, 273274

tools to support capture and dissemination of results, 315316

uses and types of methods, 193194, 266272

walkthrough, 272

Usability requirements, 191197

specifying for new systems, 193194

USC COCOMO/COSYSMO, 311

Use-error faults, 254

defining, 255256

risk analysis, 159, 255

Use-error-induced operational risks, 92

Use of methods, 193194, 208.

See also Methods;

Types of methods

instructions for development and testing, 123

measuring usability of an existing system, 193

shared representations, 6263

specifying usability requirements for the new system, 193194

testing whether usability requirements have been achieved, 194

User-based evaluation methods, types of, 269

User behavior evaluation methods, 268270

methods based on models and simulations, 270

methods based on observing users of a real or simulated system, 268270

methods that collect data from usage of an existing system, 270

User-centered design process in the ICM context, 106124

activities for stakeholder requirements, 196

contextual inquiry, 114115

design decisions, 109

early risk management, 115119

feature needs and their rationales, 110114

field studies, 123

focus groups, 122

instructions for use development and testing, 123

integrated hardware and software models, 119120

iterative usability tests, 122

life-cycle planning, 124

preliminary research, 108109

product introduction, 124

prototypes, 119

revised risk analysis, 124

setting usability objectives, 115

tests of alarm criticality and alerting, 120122

tests of display readability, 122

validation usability tests, 123124

User-created dynamic pages, 22

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

User participation in systems engineering, 288295

approaches to capturing user input, 288291

ethical implications, 316320

Uses of methods, 144149, 160, 167, 180185, 201205, 219221, 227231, 236

assignment and diagnosis, 185

cultural analysis, 147148

data analysis, 183184

data collection, 183

data representation, 184

ethnographic inquiry, 231

in formative and summative evaluation, 267

human digital modeling, 221

interpretation, 231

methods for assessing discomfort, 219

methods for assessing fatigue, 220221

methods for assessing injury risk, 221

methods for assessing posture, 220

organizational system scan, 144147

other example applications, 203205

problem scenarios and claims, 231

root concept, 231

stakeholder analysis, 148149

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 187188

use of work domain analysis in the port security case study, 202

Uses of models and simulations, 240246

digital human physical simulations, 243244

human-in-the-loop simulation, 240241

models derived from human cognitive operations, 242243

models that mimic human cognitive and perceptual-motor behavior, 244246

network models of human-system performance, 241242

signal detection theory, 242

USS Vincennes, Iranian Air Bus downed by, 13, 328

UTOPIA project, 65, 239

V

V-model, 37, 39

updates, 34

Validation usability tests, 123124

Valuation commitment review (VCR), 4647

Valuation phase, 3, 246247

Value-based systems and software engineering, 38

Variability, maximization of, 153

VCR. See Valuation commitment review

Vincennes. See USS Vincennes

Visual workshops, 171172

Visualizations, novel, 203

Voice recognition applications, 13

W

Walkthroughs. See Cognitive walkthroughs

Warfare, limited or full-scale, 15

Waterfall models, 34

sequential, 34, 39

“Weak links,” 330

Weapons systems, 255

Wearable technologies, 292

Web 2.0, 22, 26, 288, 290291, 294, 305, 316, 318

Web metrics, 270

Web sites, designing, 157

“Weblogs,” 22, 289.

See also “Blogs”

WebSAT, 272

Whole-systems approach, 139

Wikipedia, 290

Win-lose situations, 38

Win-win spiral process, 51

Wireframes, 119

Work-arounds, 26

Work-centered design approaches, 139

Work domain analysis, 197207

contributions to system design phases, 205206

overview, 197200

representation for a pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant, 200

shared representations, 201

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 206207

use in the port security case study, 202

uses of methods, 201205

Work flow

graphical representation of, 101

problems with, 187

Workload, managing, 19

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2007. Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11893.
×

Workload assessment, 207210

contributions to system design phases, 209

overview, 207208

shared representations, 209

strengths, limitations, and gaps, 209210

use of method, 208

Workplace investigations, 175

Workplace requirements, accommodation to, 101102

Workshop methods, 213214, 280.

See also Drawing workshops;

Future workshops;

Participatory

workshops;

Strategic design workshops;

Visual workshops

Workstations, 12

World War II, 10

X

XML interface, 22, 289

Y

Yahoo!, 291

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In April 1991 BusinessWeek ran a cover story entitled, “I Can't Work This ?#!!@ Thing,” about the difficulties many people have with consumer products, such as cell phones and VCRs. More than 15 years later, the situation is much the same--but at a very different level of scale. The disconnect between people and technology has had society-wide consequences in the large-scale system accidents from major human error, such as those at Three Mile Island and in Chernobyl.

To prevent both the individually annoying and nationally significant consequences, human capabilities and needs must be considered early and throughout system design and development. One challenge for such consideration has been providing the background and data needed for the seamless integration of humans into the design process from various perspectives: human factors engineering, manpower, personnel, training, safety and health, and, in the military, habitability and survivability. This collection of development activities has come to be called human-system integration (HSI). Human-System Integration in the System Development Process reviews in detail more than 20 categories of HSI methods to provide invaluable guidance and information for system designers and developers.

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