National Academies Press: OpenBook

The Future of Disability in America (2007)

Chapter: Index

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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
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Index

A

AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 542

AAMC. See Association of American Medical Colleges

AAP. See American Academy of Pediatrics

AAPCC. See Average adjusted per capita cost

ABA. See Architectural Barriers Act

ABA Guidelines. See Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board

ABLEDATA, 212

Access Board. See Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board

Access issues, FCC regulations concerning, 505506

Access to assistive technologies

financial, 214215, 253265

recommendations concerning mainstream technologies, 218219

through noninsurance programs, 273275

Access to health care and support services, 68, 165177, 433439

administrative and judicial responses to continuing problems with ADA compliance, 175177

data on difficulties with physical and communications access in health care facilities, 168170

improving the accessibility of health care facilities and strengthening implementation of the provisions of the ADA related to health care facilities, 67

making needed assistive services and technologies more available to people with disabilities, 78

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

promoting models of coordinated chronic care and other strategies for improving the transition of young people from pediatric to adult health care, 8

public policies to improve health care facility and equipment accessibility, 170175

reducing barriers to health insurance for people with disabilities, 7

Access to health insurance

disability and risk adjustment of payments to health plans, 239248

health insurance coverage for people with disabilities, 224235

health insurance markets and their limits for people with disabilities, 235239

recommendations, 248252

and the role of risk-adjusted payments to health plans, 222252

Access to legal services, 470471

Access to personal assistive services, financial, 265273

Access to telecommunications technology

ADA, 491516

federal laws, 482491

Hearing Aid Compatibility Act, 486491

introduction, 478482

key laws and policies, 478518

policy implications of technological change, 516517

Telecommunications for the Disabled Act, 482486

Accessibility

enhancing through universal design of mainstream technologies, 200203

of health care facilities, improving, 67, 179182

of technologies, 2, 4, 1314

Accessible design, defining, 189

Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), 132

ACP. See American College of Physicians

Action, defining, 44

Activities, defining, 38

Activities of daily living (ADL), 50, 54, 8283, 8992, 97, 227, 261, 267, 413415

Activity limitations, 7375

clarifying, 4244

defining, 38

ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act

ADA Accessibility Guidelines, 173, 493, 507

Adaptive assistive devices, defining, 187

ADL. See Activities of daily living

Administrative responses, to continuing problems with ADA compliance, 175177

Adolescent medicine, 105

Adolescent transitions

complexity of, 104

income support and work, 112114

Medicaid and other public health programs, 108110

other environmental factors, 114115

populations “at risk” for, 102103

public policy and other environmental factors, 107115

transition support and public schools, 110112

Adoption of available technologies, 211216

Adoption of the ICF, 4247

adding quality of life to the framework, 4445

categorizing personal factors, 45

clarifying activity limitations and participation restrictions, 4244

as the conceptual framework for disability monitoring and research, 3, 5

depicting functioning and disability as dynamic processes, 4647

developing environmental factors, 46

recognizing secondary conditions, 46

recommendations concerning, 5962

Adult care models.

See also Younger adults with disabilities

for organizing pediatric and adult care for individuals with chronic health conditions or disabilities, 118119

Adult health care providers, as a barrier to successful transition planning and outcomes, 126

Age, demographic trends and increasing disability, 1719

Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research (AHRQ), 4, 11, 62, 158159, 228, 293, 307

Agency on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, 317

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Aging

atypical, 154

into disability, 143

with disability, 143

life span perspective on, 100101, 143144

AHRQ. See Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research

AIA. See American Institute of Architects

Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 268n

Albertson’s, Inc. v. Kirkingburg, 465466

Alexander v. Choate, 448

Alternative risk adjustment models, predictive ratios for, 412

Alzheimer’s disease, 151152

American Academy of Family Physicians, 121

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 102, 121, 152

American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 187, 262

American Association for Disability and Health, 302

American College of Physicians (ACP), 118, 121

American Community Survey, 56, 62, 64, 68, 70, 84

Content Test disability items, 52

Disability Work Group, 52

American Foundation for the Blind, 213

American Institute of Architects (AIA), 171n

American Medical Association, 434

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 172, 489, 491

American Printing House for the Blind, 516

American Psychatric Association, 39

American Sign Language (ASL), 430

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 34, 12, 24, 55, 110n, 163, 170177, 180, 230, 404, 426452, 491516, 520, 530540, 552

access to health care, 433440

challenges to coverage design, 448451

closed-captioning mandates, 511515

complainants with psychiatric disabilities, 471

discriminatory administration challenges, 447448

discriminatory allocation of resources within an established plan design, 442447

effect on employment rates and wages, 458

as extending and expanding the Rehabilitation Act, 34

health care coverage and financing, 440451

historical background and legislation, 491493

interaction between ADA violations and medical malpractice, 439440

introduction, 426428

Olmstead decision, 442447

overview, 428432, 440442

physical access to health care services, 433439

recommendations, concerning, 180

Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act, 503507

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act, 507508

Section 713 of the Communications Act, 511515

settlement involving the Washington Hospital Center, highlights of, 177

and subtle forms of discrimination, 439

summary, 451452

Telecommunications Accessibility Enhancement Act, 502503

Television Decoder Circuitry Act, 508511

Title IV telecommunications relay services, 481, 494502

Amputee Coalition of America, 302

ANSI. See American National Standards Institute

Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (Access Board), 4, 7, 1213, 171174, 180182, 192, 202, 209210, 218219, 435, 438, 452, 481

Architectural Barriers Act (ABA), 170, 172, 180, 478, 502

ASL. See American Sign Language

Assistive technologies and services for people with disabilities, 2, 183221.

See also Access to assistive technologies

challenges to development and effective provision and use, 203216

coverage, 258265

defining, 187n

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

enhancing accessibility through universal design of mainstream technologies, 200203

extent of use of, 194196

key policies that promote, 192194

Medicaid coverage, 263265

Medicare coverage, 258263

outcomes of use of, 196200

private health insurance coverage, 265

public health plan coverage of, 260

recommendations, 216221

types of technologies used, 186191

Assistive Technology Act, 186188, 192193, 212, 273

Assistive Technology Development Fund, 207

Assistive technology devices, defining, 186187

Assistive Technology Programs, 115

Associated conditions, defining, 142

Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 173

Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), 132

Asthma Follow-up Survey, 53n

AT&T, 482483, 503

Attitudes, as an environmental factor, 114

Atypical aging, 154

Automated teller machines (ATM), 202

Available technologies

awareness, adoption, and maintenance of, 211216

consumer awareness, 211212

defined, 186189

financial access, 214215

guidance for health professionals, 213214

maintenance of, 211216

through the consumer’s eyes, 215216

Average adjusted per capita cost (AAPCC), 244246, 410, 413

Awareness, of available technologies, 211216

B

Balanced Budget Act, 245, 254n

Barden et al. v. Sacramento, 547

Barriers

created by mainstream technologies, examples of, 201

to health insurance for people with disabilities, reducing, 7

Barriers to successful transition planning and outcomes, 123129

adult health care providers, 126

family, 126

pediatrician, 126

for young people with disabilities, examples of, 125

Behavioral and Social Science Research Program, 305

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 53, 55, 63, 70, 170

Asthma Follow-up Survey, 53n

Beverly Foundation, 542544

Biomimetic MicroElectronic Systems ERC, 304n

BLS. See Bureau of Labor Statistics

BMI. See Body mass index criteria

Body functions and structures, defining, 38

Body mass index (BMI) criteria, 79

Bragdon v. Abbott, 434

BRFSS. See Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

BTS. See Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Built environments, 114

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 4, 10, 55, 5863, 127

Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), 521, 523524

Buses, 532535

C

California, 58n, 176, 403

California Health Interview Survey, 170

Call to Action to Improve the Health and Wellness of Persons with Disabilities, 28

Canada, 143, 535

Capacity building, for disability research, continued need for, 313314

Capacity qualifier, defining, 40n

Capitation payments to health plans

achieving payment accuracy for populations with disabilities, 408409

adequacy of, for people with disabilities, 408415

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

commonly used risk factors producing different levels of payment accuracy, 410413

Medicare example, 413415

predictive accuracy of risk adjusters, 409410

Captioned telephone relay services, 496497

Care coordination, 8.

See also Chronic care systems

and transition planning, 124

for young people with disabilities, examples of barriers to, 125

Caregivers, spouses and families as, 19.

See also Families, Personal assistance services

CARF. See Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities

CARF Guide to Accessibility, 181

CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Center for Assistive Technology, 215

Center for Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, 6

Center for Health Program Development and Management, 407

Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 302

Center for Personal Assistance Services, 274

Center for Universal Design, 189n

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2, 4, 6, 9, 1115, 19, 50, 6364, 77, 79, 134135, 151, 178179, 220221, 293, 301303, 315317, 436

as the lead agency for a federal disability prevention initiative, 28, 30

questionnaire on health-related quality-of-life, 45

Centers for Independent Living program, 115, 274

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 62, 64, 198n, 206, 225226, 242243, 254n, 262, 266n, 268n, 278, 307, 396397, 400401, 414415, 421

Centers on the Demography of Aging, 305

Cerebral palsy, 155

literature on secondary conditions in, 148149

Chartbooks on disability, recent, 67

Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems Division, 303

Child Health Assessment and Monitoring Program, 53

Children.

See also Children with special health care needs

with activity limitation, 7576

characteristics of, that may affect the complexity of health care transitions, 104

health insurance for, 232235

trends in overweight (obesity) for, 79

Children with special health care needs

care coordination, 123128

defining, 74, 102, 233

goals for MCHB, 101102, 117

insurance coverage, 232235

surveys, 102, 118

Title V, 110, 128

Christopher and Dana Reeve Paralysis Resource Center, 275

Christopher Reeve Foundation, 275

Chronic care model, 118119

Chronic care systems, 8

features of disability-competent, 120

Chronic health conditions, 398

causing limitations of activities, 71

Chronic Illness and Disability Payment System, 243244

Chronic pain, 149

Civil Rights Act, 433, 491, 530

Cleveland v. Policy Management Systems Corp., 472

Clinical Science Research and Development Service, 299

Closed-captioning mandates

in the Communications Act, 511515

emergency alert system, 514515

emergency captioning, 513514

FCC regulations, 512513

historical background and legislation, 511512

CMS. See Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

CMS Hierarchical Conditions Categories model (CMS-HCC), 245, 414

Coalition of Organizations for Accessible Technology (COAT), 517

COBRA. See Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Coding

diagnoses, 122, 422

environmental factors, 46

Coin-operated telephones, 485

Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF), 181

Commission on Education of the Deaf, 509

Committee on Transition Care, 121

Commonly used risk factors producing different levels of payment accuracy, 410413

diagnosis codes and functional status, 410413

health status measures as risk factors, 410413

prior utilization as a risk factor, 410

Communications Act, 480, 494

closed-captioning mandates, 511515

emergency alert system, 514515

emergency captioning, 513514

FCC regulations, 512513

historical background and legislation, 511512

Community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries, having difficulty performing personal care activities without help or special equipment, 91

Community Transportation Association of America, 542, 544

Community transportation resources, 530549

buses, 532535

complementary paratransit services, 535542

heavy, commuter, and light rail systems, 531532

other community providers and obligations, 542548

private transportation sector, 548549

public transportation agencies, 530531

Comorbidities, 142

Compatibility issues

FCC regulations concerning, 506507

rules for hearing aids with wireless telephones, 490

Competition and consumer choice, in health insurance markets for people with disabilities, 239

Complementary paratransit services, 535542, 553

cost and ridership patterns for people with disabilities, 537

Complexity, defining, 44

Computer and electronic technologies, 23, 184, 187188.

See also Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act

Conditions potentially contributing to disability, potentially explaining trends, 7780

Confidentiality considerations, 497

Congressional Budget Office, 96

Connecticut, 257

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA), 229, 232

Consortium on Spinal Cord Medicine (CSCM), 148, 199

Consumer-driven plans, and risk segmentation in insurance markets, 403404

Consumers

available technologies through the eyes of, 215216

awareness of available technologies, 211212

involvement at the research and development stage, 208210

Coordinated programs, 4, 14, 314315.

See also Care coordination

for human service, 545

Coordination of disability research. See Disability research;

Federal disability research programs

Cordless telephones, in the Hearing Aid Compatibility Act, 491

Cornell University, 50, 64

Costs.

See also Medical costs, and populations;

Rising costs;

Societal costs

of health care for working-age adults, 237

recovery considerations, 497498

Council on Access and Mobility, 545

Court decisions, plaintiff victories from, 468

Courthouse Access Advisory Committee, 174

Coverage of assistive technologies, 253286

access to assistive technologies and services through noninsurance programs, 273275

assessing expansions in the context of rising costs, 282283

challenges to design of, 448451

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

medical necessity and, 256257

recommendations, 283286

rising costs and the challenge of expanding coverage of assistive services and technologies, 276283

types of limitations on coverage, 255258

Coverage of personal assistance services, 265273

Coverage of specific services or products, criteria used to determine, 283

CPS. See Current Population Survey

Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique, 200n

Cross-condition studies, literature on, 152153

CSCM. See Consortium on Spinal Cord Medicine

Current Population Survey (CPS), 5556, 63, 84, 202, 456

Current Procedural Terminology, coding scheme for physician services, 122

D

Data on disability.

See also Disability trends

on difficulties with physical and communications access in health care facilities, 168170

issues influencing the accuracy of risk scores, 415417

recent statistical, 67

Declines, in health conditions that contribute to disability in childhood, 8182

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 308

Deficit Reduction Act, 109, 135, 263, 271272, 277

Developmental disorders, contributing to disability, 2

DHHS. See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV TR), 39

Disability

common conceptual framework for, 36

defining, 38, 68n

definition and monitoring of, 3564

depicting as a dynamic process, 4647

estimates of, 6672

in middle life, conditions contributing to, 8688

overview of national surveys that include measures of, 48

projecting the future of, 9597

rates by sex and age, 69

recent chartbooks and other profiles of statistical data on, 67

and related societal trends, 1719

and risk adjustment of payments to health plans, 239248

umbrella term for physical or mental impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions, 5, 38

Disability and Business Technical Assistance Centers, 181

Disability and Health Program, 301

Disability and Health Team, 6, 301, 303, 316

Disability-competent chronic care systems, features of, 120

Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention, xiii, 2, 17, 19, 30, 59, 66, 99, 137138, 162, 184, 222, 224, 254, 385

developments since publication of, 2225

Disability monitoring, 25, 5459

adopting and refining the ICF as the conceptual framework for disability monitoring and research, 3, 5

creating a comprehensive system for, 5

developing and implementing panel surveys, 5659

expanding measures of the environment, 56

expanding the goals of, 5456

progress in, xiii, 4954

recommendations concerning, 4, 10, 5964

Disability Payment System, 243

Disability research, 56, 287320.

See also Federal disability research programs

challenges of organizing and coordinating, 308314

defining, 288n

federal sponsors of, 290

recommendations concerning, 1415, 314319

Disability Statistics Subcommittee, 63

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Disability trends, 6597

current estimates of disability and related conditions, 6672

in early life, 7382

in late life, 8895

in middle life, 8288

monitoring trends in disability, 7273

projecting the future of disability in America, 9597

Discrimination

administrative challenges, 447448

and health insurance and employment, 230231

more subtle forms of, 439

nondiscrimination provisions of ADA, 174

Disease management, 280n

Distribution of difference, between HMO and fee-for-service mean risk factors for Medicare beneficiaries, 400

Doe v. Mutual of Omaha, 450

Down syndrome, literature on secondary conditions in, 150152, 156

Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group, 152

Driving

and the aging of society, 526529

self-regulation by people with disabilities, 528

DSM IV TR. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Dumont-Driscoll, Marilyn, 133

Durable medical equipment, defining, 188

Dynamics of Economic Well-Being System, 57, 6364

E

Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment (EPSDT) benefit, for Medicaid-eligible children, 80, 109, 129, 232, 257, 263264, 268

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, 58

EAS. See Emergency alert system

Education of health care professionals

health care professionals, directions for research, 156158

pediatricians and adult care physicians, 130133

recommendations concerning improvements to, 159161

Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 80, 453.

See also Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

EEOC. See Equal Opportunity Employment Commission

Effectiveness of Title I, 464472

concerning the ADA, 464472

countervailing policies, 471472

in the courts, 465469

enforcement system, 469471

“Electronic newsroom technique” (ENT), 513

Electronic technologies, advances in, 2.

See also Computer and electronic technologies

Emergency access issues, 499502

Emergency alert system (EAS), in Section 713 of the Communications Act, 514515

Emergency captioning, in Section 713 of the Communications Act, 513514

Emergency Treatment and Labor Act, 433

Employers

large and small, and risk segmentation in insurance markets, 401403

practices and attitudes, 460463

Employment

rates and wage disparities, 456460

trends among adults with disabilities, 8586

Employment-based insurance, for younger adults with disabilities, 228231

Employment discrimination provisions of ADA

books, articles, and reports, 473477

brief overview, 455456

cases, 473

implementation and impact, 453477

introduction, 453454

measuring the effects of Title I, 456464

rethinking the “cause” of the effectiveness of Title I, 464472

statutes, regulations, and legislative materials, 473

Employment Retirement Income Security Act, 231n, 402

Empowerment effects, 463464

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering, xiii, 2, 20, 30, 36, 99, 138, 207208, 210, 288, 385

developments since publication of, 2225

Engineering Research Centers (ERCs), 304n

Enhancing Education for Chronic Illness Care initiative, 132

ENT. See “Electronic newsroom technique”

Environmental factors

accessible health care facilities, 165177

coding in ICF, 46

context of disability in health care facilities, 162182

defining, 39

expanding measures of, to improve disability monitoring, 56

further development of, 46

recommendations concerning, 4, 1213, 178182

research on the role of the environment in disability, 164165

Environmental modifications, defining, 187

EPSDT. See Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment benefit

Equal Opportunity Employment Commission (EEOC), 429, 468471

ERCs. See Engineering Research Centers

“Ever disabled” population, 397

Executive Orders, 55, 545

Extension of health insurance coverage, key principles for, 284

F

Fair employment practice agencies (FEPAs), 469471

Families

affecting health care transitions, 106107

and assistive technologies, 199200

as caregivers, 19

increased stress on, 1

size of, 19

Family Opportunity Act, 109

FCC. See Federal Communications Commission

FDA. See U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 429, 480482, 495

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations, 505507

accessibility, 505506

in the Hearing Aid Compatibility Act, 487

Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act, 505507

in Section 713 of the Communications Act, 512513

in the Television Decoder Circuitry Act, 510511

usability, 506

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations in the Telecommunications for the Disabled Act, 485486

coin-operated telephones, 485

telephones frequently needed by people with hearing loss, 485

telephones provided for emergency use, 485

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations in Title IV telecommunications relay services, 495497

captioned telephone relay services, 496497

Internet protocol relay services, 496

other mandated services, 497

Spanish relay services, 497

speech-to-speech relay services, 496

text-to-speech relay services, 495

video relay services, 496

voice and hearing carryover, 497

Federal disability research programs, 6, 289308

increasing the visibility and coordination of, 6, 315317

National Center for Medical

Rehabilitation Research, 295299

National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, 289295

other sponsors of disability research, 300308

status of federal disability research efforts, 289300

VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, 299300

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 18

Federal Transit Administration (FTA), 531532

FEPAs. See Fair employment practice agencies

Financial assistance for assistive technology in selected federal programs, summary, 274

Foster care, 107

Foundation for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 187

FTA. See Federal Transit Administration

Functional Independence Measure, 200n

Functioning

common conceptual framework for limitations of, 36

defining, 38

Funding considerations, 497498.

See also Costs

for clinical, health services, social, behavioral, and other disability research that is commensurate with the need, 56

in Title IV telecommunications relay services, 497498

trends for NIDRR, NCMRR, and VA RR&D, 291

Future issues in Title IV telecommunications relay services, 498502

emergency access, 499502

interoperability of VRS protocols, 499

VRS numbering, 498499

Future of disability in America in a public health context, 2730

Future of Public Health, The, 27

G

GAO. See Government Accountability Office

General Accounting Office. See Government Accountability Office

General Services Administration, 172, 192

Germany, implementing the ICF in, 43

Goals

of health care transition planning for young people, 103

of monitoring, expanding to improve disability monitoring, 5456

Government Accountability Office (GAO), 254n, 258, 293, 542

Government role, in research and development, 207208

GTE, 483

Guardians, affecting health care transitions, 106107

Guidance on available technologies, for health professionals, 213214

Guidelines for Design and Construction of Health Care Facilities, 171n

H

HAC. See Hearing aid compatible phones

HBRA. See Health-based risk adjustment

HCBS. See Home- and Community-Based Service waiver program

HCO. See Voice and hearing carryover (VCO and HCO)

Health and Retirement Study, 53, 57, 305

Health-based risk adjustment (HBRA), 415416, 420.

See also Risk adjustment

lessons from purchasers who have implemented, 406408

risk segmentation in insurance markets and the need for, 398406

Health care facilities

selected universal design and other features for, 167

strengthening implementation of ADA provisions related to, 67, 34

Health Care Financing Administration, 245, 309n.

See also Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)

Health care services and systems, 115130

approaches to health care transitions for young people, 120123

barriers to successful transition planning and outcomes, 123129

organization of pediatric and adult care for individuals with chronic health conditions or disabilities, 117120

research on health care transition planning, 129130

Health care transitions for young people with disabilities, 98135

adolescent transitions, public policy, and other environmental factors, 107115

approaches to, 120123

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

characteristics of child and adolescent health that may affect the complexity of, 104

critical transition from child to adult, 101103

directions for research on, 131

education of pediatricians and adult care physicians, 130133

examples of barriers to, 125

family and guardian factors, 106107

health care services and systems, 115130

individual and family factors affecting, 104107

recommendations, 133135

support and public schools, 110112

transitions to adult care in a life span perspective, 100101

with and without activity limitations, usual sources of, 116

Health conditions

associated with disability in late life, 94

contributing to disability, 2

defining, 38

Health insurance coverage for people with disabilities, 224235.

See also Medicaid programs;

Medicare

for children, 232235

for older adults with disabilities, 225226

for younger adults with disabilities, 227232

Health insurance markets and their limits for people with disabilities, 235239

competition and consumer choice, 239

market failure and publicly financed health insurance for certain groups, 237238

standard models of insurance, 235

violations of standard insurance models in health care, 235237

Health maintenance organization (HMO), 116, 223, 400, 416

Health-related quality-of-life, 44

Health Resources and Services Administration, 101102

Health Services Research and Development Service, 299300

Health status measures as risk factors, diagnosis codes and functional status, 410413

Healthy & Ready to Work Center, 102

Healthy People 2000, 28

Healthy People 2010, 2728, 55, 138, 184, 302

public health objectives in, 29

Hearing aid compatibility, 483484

Hearing Aid Compatibility Act, 481, 486491

cordless telephones, 491

FCC regulations, 487

historical background and legislation, 486487

wireless telephones, 488491

Hearing aid compatible (HAC) phones, 479

Hill Burton Act. See Hospital Survey and Construction Act

Historical background

of the ADA, 491493

of disability policy development, 3033

of the Hearing Aid Compatibility Act, 486487

of Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act, 503505

of Section 713 of the Communications Act, 511512

of the Telecommunications for the Disabled Act, 482485

of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act, 508509

HMO. See Health maintenance organization

Home- and Community-Based Service (HCBS) waiver program, 269272

Home health benefits

coverage of personal care services as, 267

personal assistance services under Medicaid, 269

Hospital Survey and Construction Act, 433

Human functioning, components and domains of in the ICF, 41

I

IADL. See Instrumental activities of daily living

iBOT wheelchairs, 197n, 206

ICC. See Interagency Coordinating Council

ICD-10. See International Classifications of Diseases

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

ICDR. See Interagency Committee on Disability Research

ICF. SeeInternational Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

ICIDH. SeeInternational Classification of Impairments, Disability and Handicaps

IDEA. See Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Impairments

common conceptual framework for, 36

defining, 38

Implementation factors in risk-adjusted payment to health plans, 415421

data issues, 415417

implementation environment, 420421

influencing the accuracy of risk scores, 420421

lag issues, 418419

model calibration issues, 419420

risk adjustment model design fitting the application, 417418

Improving the ICF, 4247

adding quality of life to the framework, 4445

categorizing personal factors, 45

clarifying activity limitations and participation restrictions, 4244

depicting functioning and disability as dynamic processes, 4647

further developing environmental factors, 46

recognizing secondary conditions, 46

recommendations concerning, 5962

Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care, 20

“In-home-use” criterion, 4, 262, 285286

Income support, and work, 112114

Indian Health Service, 310n

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 4, 11, 58, 80, 110, 114, 134135, 188, 214, 273, 453, 515

Information technologies, advances in, 2.

See also Computer and electronic technologies

Innovation and technology transfer, recommendations concerning, 217218

Institute for Improving Medical Education, 132

Institute of Medicine (IOM), xiii, 23, 6, 17, 2025, 3637, 49, 56, 59, 66, 70, 73, 99, 137, 147, 158163, 178179, 184, 207208, 210, 219, 222224, 254, 283, 287289, 300, 308, 310, 385

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), 50, 54, 8283, 8992, 97, 227

Insurable event, defining, 235

Insurance. See Health insurance coveage for people with disabilities

Insurance programs for people with disabilities, 277, 395396

for children with and without special health care needs, 233

Interactions, between ADA violations and medical malpractice, 439440

Interagency Committee on Disability Research (ICDR), 4, 15, 6061, 292n, 294, 310312, 317319

Interagency Committee on Disability Statistics, 4, 10, 5962

Interagency Coordinating Council (ICC), 502

Interagency Subcommittee on Disability Statistics, 60

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), 45, 10, 12, 15, 25, 3747, 5962, 105, 163165, 178179, 317319.

See also Improving the ICF

adopting and refining as the conceptual framework for disability monitoring and research, 3, 5

components and domains of human functioning in, 41

directions for further work on, 61

major concepts in, 38

International Classification of Impairments, Disability and Handicaps (ICIDH), 37

International Classifications, 37

International Classifications of Diseases (ICD-10), 37, 39

Internet applications, 192

Internet protocol (IP) relay services, 496

Interoperability of VRS protocols, 499

IOM. See Institute of Medicine

IP. See Internet protocol relay services

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Iraq War, 299

ITEM Coalition, 206

J

Job Access and Reverse Commute Program, 542

Joint Commission, 4, 6, 12, 180181

Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 299

Judicial responses, to continuing problems with ADA compliance, 175177

K

Kaiser Family Foundation, 195

Kaiser Permanente, 176

L

Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, 305

Lead exposure, 82

Legislative background

of the ADA, 491493

of the Hearing Aid Compatibility Act, 486487

of Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act, 503505

of Section 713 of the Communications Act, 511512

of the Telecommunications for the Disabled Act, 482485

of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act, 508509

of Title IV telecommunications relay services, 494495

Life situation, defining, 39

Life span perspective, 100101, 139144

aging and disability, 143144

secondary conditions, 140142

Lifeline program, 518

Limitations on insurance coverage, 255258

insurance status of adults with disabilities, 227

medical necessity and coverage, 256257

in work, 84

Local governments, and the pedestrian environment, 546548

Long-term care workers, 19

Longitudinal Study of Aging, 53, 57

Lower court decisions, few plaintiff victories from, 468

M

Mainstream technologies, 183221

challenges to development and effective provision and use of assistive technologies, 203216

defined, 189191

enhancing accessibility through universal design of mainstream technologies, 200203

examples of barriers created by, 201

key policies that promote assistive technology and universal design of mainstream technologies, 192194

recommendations, 216221

types of technologies used or encountered by people with disabilities, 186191

Maintenance, of available technologies, 211216

Majocha v. Turner, 436

Mandated services, 497

Mandatory minimum standards, 498

TRS, 500

Mannick v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, 437

Market failure

in health insurance markets for people with disabilities, 237238

and publicly financed health insurance for certain groups, 237238

Maryland, 246

Massachusetts, 237

MCHB. See U.S. Maternal and Child Health Bureau

Measures of the environment, expanding to improve disability monitoring, 56

Medicaid programs, 24, 78, 1314, 23, 2526, 108109, 114, 119, 127129, 134, 222226, 237244, 248250, 285286.

See also Deficit Reduction Act

coverage of assistive technologies, 263265

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

coverage of personal assistance services, 268273

early periodic screening, detection, and treatment benefits, 264

and other public health programs, 108110

personal assistance services and home health benefits, 269

recommendations concerning, 250252

for younger adults with disabilities, 231232

Medical and Prosthetic Research program, 299

Medical costs, and populations, 397398

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 228, 233, 236, 259n

Medical home model of pediatric care, 8

for organizing pediatric and adult care for individuals with chronic health conditions or disabilities, 117118

Medical necessity, and coverage, 256257

Medical Rehabilitation Coordinating Committee, 311312, 319

Medicare, 4, 7, 1314, 2326, 30, 33, 114, 119, 128, 212, 222226, 238243, 248250, 285286

beneficiaries over age 65 living in nursing homes and other facilities, 93

coverage of assistive technologies, 258263

coverage of personal assistance services, 266268

coverage of personal care services as a home health service, 267

initial legislation for, 33

recommendations concerning, 250252

and risk segmentation in insurance markets, 399401

for younger adults with disabilities, 231232

Medicare Advantage plans, 226, 395, 397, 399, 409

Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, 54, 57, 68, 87, 9092, 170

Medicare Modernization Act, 310n

Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), 246, 255n, 267

Medicare+Choice plans, 226

Medicine-Pediatrics Program Director’s Association, 121

“Medigap” insurance, 225226

MedPAC. See Medicare Payment Advisory Commission

Meltzer v. Kaiser Permanente, 176

Mental Health Parity Act, 231

Milestones in U.S. disability policy, timeline of, 3132

Minimum standards. See Mandatory minimum standards

Minnesota, 413

Models

calibration issues influencing the accuracy of risk scores, 419420

of coordinated chronic care, 8

Monitoring trends in disability, 7273

Murphy v. United Parcel Service, 33, 466467

N

National Academy of Sciences, 20, 22n

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 310n

National Captioning Institute, 508

National Center for Health Statistics, 4, 10, 49n, 5964, 72

National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (NCMRR), 46, 1415, 20, 146, 198, 289290, 295299, 315317, 386

funding trends for, 291

National Center for Transit Research, 539

National Center of Medical Home Initiatives for Children with Special Health Care Needs, 117n

National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (NCBDDD), 301302

National Center on Secondary Education and Transitions, 111

National Children’s Study, 59, 101

National Council on Disability, 111, 193, 214, 467, 531

National disability monitoring system, 4759

improving disability monitoring, 5459

progress in disability monitoring, 4954

recommendations concerning, 6264

National Early Intervention Longitudinal Study, 58

National Emphysema Treatment Trial, 309

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 82, 88

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 4951, 5556, 63, 67n, 68, 7075, 77, 8384, 8792, 102, 117, 168, 184, 199, 233234, 456, 521

Disability Supplement, 137

redesigned, disability-related content in, 51

National Health Service (UK), 102, 122

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 306

National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, 301n

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, 305

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), 295

National Institute of Mental Health, 310n

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 305

National Institute of Nursing Research, 305

National Institute on Aging (NIA), 53, 62, 305

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 305

National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR), 4, 1215, 20, 50, 64, 102, 138, 146, 178179, 181, 192, 198, 220221, 274, 289295, 315317, 386

funding trends for, 291

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2, 4, 6, 12, 1415, 178179, 217, 289295, 304307, 315317

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, 304305

National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standard, 516

National Long-Term Care Survey, 53, 57, 90, 92, 184, 245, 305

National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience, Youth Cohort, 58, 75n

National Longitudinal Transition Study-2, 58

National Nursing Home Surveys, 9293

National Organization on Disability (NOD), 519

National Science Foundation (NSF), 217, 289, 303304

National Society for Crippled Children, 172n

National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, 146

National Study of Women with Physical Disabilities, 170

National Survey on Assistive Technology and Information Technology, 49n

National Transit Database, 537

NCBDDD. See National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities

NCMRR. See National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research

Neuropathic pain, 147148

New Freedom Initiative, 194n, 262, 545

NHIS. See National Health Interview Survey

NIA. See National Institute on Aging

NICHD. See National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

NIDRR. See National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research

NIDRR-supported Rehabilitation Engineering Research Centers, focus of, 209

NIH. See National Institutes of Health

NOD. See National Organization on Disability

NOD-Harris Interactive poll, 521

Non-group insurance, and risk segmentation in insurance markets, 404

North Carolina, 118, 271

NSF. See National Science Foundation

O

Obesity in adults, 8889.

See also Overweight (obesity) in children

Office for Civil Rights, 438439

Office of Disability, Aging, and Long-Term Care Policy, 307308

Office of Disability and Health, 4, 6, 1415, 315317

Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, 292n

Ohio, 156

Older adults with disabilities, health insurance for, 225226

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Older Americans Research and Services Center Instrument, 200n

Olmstead v. L.C., 33, 268, 270, 441, 450

and discriminatory allocation of resources within an established plan design, 442447

One-Stop employment centers, 192

Organization of disability research, 287320

challenges of, 308314

continued need for capacity building, 313314

federal disability research programs, 289308

final thoughts, 319320

recommendations concerning, 4, 1415, 314319

weak coordinating mechanisms, 310313

Outcomes of assistive technology use, 196200

Overweight (obesity) in children, trends in, 79

P

PacAdvantage, 403

PACE. See Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly

Pain

in cerebral palsy, 149

chronic, 149

identified in crop-condition studies, 153

neuropathic, 147148

in poliomyelitis, 149150

in spinal cord injury, 147148

Panel surveys, developing and implementing to improve disability monitoring, 5659

Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA), 146, 148, 158

Paratransit service coverage, and potential expansion costs, 541

Participation

clarifying restrictions on, 4244

defining, 3839

Pathology, common conceptual framework for, 36

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), 49n, 197, 304305

Payment accuracy, for populations with disabilities, achieving, 408409

Payment for adults with functional limitations, sources of, 229

Pedestrian environment, local governments and, 546548

Performance qualifier, defining, 40n

Personal assistance services.

See also Personal care services

coverage of, 265273

coverage under Medicaid, 268273

coverage under Medicare and private insurance, 266268

examples of federal programs (other than Medicare and Medicaid) that provide some support for, 275

and Medicaid home health benefits, 269

Personal assistive devices, defining, 187

Personal care services.

See also Personal assistance services

civilians needing help with, 90

coverage of as a home health service under Medicare, 267

and routine care limitations, 8283, 8992

Personal factors

categorizing, 45

defining, 39, 105106

Physical Disabilities Branch, 296n

Policies that promote assistive technology and universal design of mainstream technologies, 2, 192194.

Assistive Technology Act, 193

countervailing, 471472

environment of disability, 2, 3034

implications of technological change, 516517

to improve health care facility and equipment accessibility, 170175

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act, 192193

Poliomyelitis, literature on secondary conditions in, 149150

Postpolio syndrome, 150

Postschool experiences of young people with disabilities, selected survey findings about, 113

Poverty, 108, 206, 234235

Pre-Elementary Education Longitudinal Study, 58

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Prediction of Medicare beneficiary costliness, by risk adjustment method, 247

Predictive accuracy of risk adjusters, 409410

President’s Committee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped, 172n

Preventing and managing risk selection, and risk segmentation in insurance markets, 405406

Prevention and management of secondary conditions, 11, 138, 159161

Principal Inpatient Diagnosis-Diagnostic Cost Group model, 245

Prior utilization, as a risk factor, 410

Private health insurance

coverage of assistive technologies, 265

coverage of personal assistance services, 266268

Private sector role, in research and development, 205207

Private transportation sector, 548549

Product research and development of assistive technologies, 205211

challenge of technology transfer and commercial application, 210211

involvement of consumers at the research and development stage, 208210

role of government in research and development, 207208

role of the private sector in research and development, 205207

Professional awareness, recommendations for increasing, 221

Professional education, 89

developing educational programs, evidence-based reviews, practice guidelines, and other materials to support health professionals in caring for people with disabilities, 89

launching a national public health campaign to increase public and health care professional awareness of assistive and accessible technologies, 9

recommendations concerning, 134, 159161

Professional transition model, 122

Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), 410, 412, 415

Projections, of the future of disability in America, 9597

PROMIS. See Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System

Psychiatric disabilities, complainants with, 471

Public awareness, recommendations for increasing, 220221

Public education, 89

launching a national public health campaign to increase public and health care professional awareness of assistive and accessible technologies, 9

recommendation on, 219221

Public health and disability, 2730

objectives, 29

Public policy timeline, 3133

Public transportation agencies, 530531

PVA. See Paralyzed Veterans of America

Q

Quality-of-life

adding to the ICF framework, 4445

CDC questionnaire on, 45

defined, 44

health-related, 44

Quality of Life Technology ERC, 304n

R

Rail systems, heavy, commuter, and light, 531532

RAIS. See Risk Adjustment Impact Study

“Reasonable accommodations,” defining, 455

Recommendations, 1015, 216221, 283286, 314319

Recommendations concerning access to health insurance and the role of risk-adjusted payments to health plans, 248252

improving risk adjustment methods, 248250

other issues in Medicare and Medicaid, 250252

Recommendations concerning adopting and improving the ICF, 5962

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Recommendations concerning assistive and mainstream technologies for people with disabilities, 4, 1314, 216221

accessible mainstream technologies, 218219

increasing coverage and access, 283286

increasing professional awareness, 221

increasing public awareness, 220221

innovation and technology transfer, 217218

Recommendations concerning definition and monitoring of disability, 4, 10, 5964

Recommendations concerning health care transitions for young people, 4, 1011, 133135

Recommendations concerning organization and support of disability research, 4, 1415, 314319

directions for research, 314315

improving disability research coordination and collaboration, 317319

increasing funding and visibility of federal disability research, 315317

Recommendations concerning secondary conditions and aging with disability, 1012, 158161

improving the education of health care professionals, 159161

organizing the knowledge base, 158159

Recommendations concerning the environmental context of disability, 4, 1213, 178182

expanding research on environmental factors, 178179

improving accessibility of health care facilities, 179182

Rehabilitation Act, 3334, 110n, 170, 172, 189, 202, 208n, 292n, 317, 491, 504

Electronic Equipment Accessibility amendment, 192

Section 504 of, 430

Section 508 of, 192193, 481

Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA), 212n, 213214

Rehabilitation engineering research, defining, 288n

Rehabilitation Engineering Research Centers, 168, 207, 210, 217, 293

focus of NIDRR-supported, 209

Rehabilitation Research and Development Service (RR&D), 5, 289, 299300

funding trends for, 291

Rehabilitation Research and Training Centers, 293

Rehabilitation science, defining, 288n

Rehabilitation Services Administration, 310

Relative risk differences, between high- and low-risk participating health plans, 402

Research.

See also Federal disability research programs;

Organization of disability research

challenges, knowledge gaps, and research directions, 154156

on environmental factors, recommendations concerning expansion of, 178179

on health care transition planning, 129130

on health care transitions for young people, directions for, 131

product research and development, 205211

Research capacity, defining, 313

Research Data Assistance Center, 64

Research in Disabilities Education program, 303

Research to Aid Persons with Disabilities program, 303

RESNA. See Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America

Rising costs, 276277.

See also Medical costs, and populations;

Societal costs

assessing expansions of coverage in the context of rising costs, 282283

and the challenge of expanding coverage of assistive services and technologies, 276283

and implications for people with disabilities, 277282

responses to rising costs and implications for people with disabilities, 277282

Risk Adjustment for Measuring Health Care Outcomes, 395

Risk Adjustment Impact Study (RAIS), 401, 404405

Risk adjustment methods

criteria for assessing, 244

desirable characteristics of, 243244

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

evolution of, 244248

interest in, 241243

recommendations for improving, 248250

Risk adjustment models

design fitting the application, 417418

influencing the accuracy of risk scores, 417418

predictive ratios for alternative, 412

Risk adjustment of insurance premiums in the United States and implications for people with disabilities, 394425

adequacy of capitation payment for people with disabilities, 408415

conclusion, 423

current issues and trends, 421

implementation factors that can influence the accuracy of risk scores, 415421

insurance programs for people with disabilities, 395396

lessons from purchasers who have implemented HBRA for health plan payment, 406408

medical costs and populations, 397398

next generation methods, 421423

risk segmentation in insurance markets and the need for health-based risk adjustment, 398406

Risk segmentation in insurance markets

defining, 239n

and the need for health-based risk adjustment, 398406

Risk selection, defining, 239n

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), 118n, 272n, 401

Rodde v. Bonta, 447

RR&D. See Rehabilitation Research and Development Service

S

Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act, 545

Sanchez v. Johnson, 444

SBIR. See Small Business Innovation Research Program

Scandinavia, 535

SCHIP. See State Children’s Health Insurance Program

School Board of Nassau County v. Arline, 466

Science and Technology in the Service of the Physically Handicapped, 22n

SCPE. See Specialized customer premises equipment

Secondary health conditions, 2

and aging with disability, 136161

and cerebral palsy, 148149

cross-condition studies of, 152153

defining, 140141

directions for research and education, 153158

and Downs syndrome, 150152

life span perspective, 139144

and poliomyelitis, 149150

recognizing, 46

recommendations, 158161

and spinal cord injury, 146148

Secondary prevention, 138

Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act, 503507

in the ADA, 503507

FCC regulations, 505507

historical background and legislation, 503505

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act, in the ADA, 192193, 507508

Section 713 of the Communications Act, 511515

in the ADA, 511515

emergency alert system, 514515

emergency captioning, 513514

FCC regulations, 512513

historical background and legislation, 511512

Selected Significant Condition risk adjustment model, 407

Senate Committee on Appropriations, 207, 302303

Senate Select Committee on Aging, 521

Services. See Assistive technologies and services for people with disabilities;

Personal assistive services;

Personal care services

SHCN. See Special health care needs

SIPP. See Survey of Income and Program Participation

Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR), 294

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Small Business Technology Transfer Program, 306

SNPs. See Special needs plans

SOA. See Society of Actuaries

Social and human service agencies, 542546

Social Security Act, 33, 58n, 257, 268n, 269, 272n

amendments to, 80

Title V of, 110, 128

Social Security Administration (SSA), 4, 11, 18, 81, 113114, 134135, 251

Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), 4, 14, 30, 33, 54n, 76n, 85, 9596, 113n, 114, 222223, 231, 246, 250252, 457

Societal costs.

See also Costs;

Medical costs, and populations;

Rising costs disability and, 1719

of inaction, 1

Society of Actuaries (SOA), 404, 411

Spanish relay services, 497

Special Education Elementary Longitudinal Study, 5

Special needs plans (SNPs), 395396, 409

Special Olympics, 302

Specialized customer premises equipment (SCPE), 480

subsidies for, in the Telecommunications for the Disabled Act, 484485

Speech-to-speech relay services, 496

Speed of answer considerations, 497

Spina bifida, 8182

Spinal cord injury, literature on secondary conditions, 146148

Sponsors of disability research, 300308

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 301303

National Science Foundation, 303304

other units of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 307308

units of NIH other than NCMRR, 304307

U.S. Department of Defense, 308

Spouses as caregivers, 19

SSA. See Social Security Administration

SSDI. See Social Security Disability Insurance

SSI. See Supplemental Security Income program

Standard models of insurance, in health insurance markets for people with disabilities, 235

Standards. See Mandatory minimum standards

Standards Committee 63 on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 489

STAR (transportation) systems, 543

State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 4, 8, 14, 109110, 126, 129, 134, 234, 250252, 263, 281, 284

State Medicaid Manual, 268n

State University of New York at Buffalo, 211

STP. See Supplemental Transportation Programs

Stress on individuals and families, increased, 1

Study Activities, 385391

IOM Committee on Disability in America: A New Look, 389391

IOM Workshop on Disability in America: An Update, 387389

Sullivan v. Zebley, 80, 81n

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, 30, 54, 80, 85, 95, 96n, 109, 112, 114, 134, 232, 457

Supplemental Transportation Programs (STPs), 542

Support of disability research, 287320

challenges of organizing and coordinating disability research, 308314

federal disability research programs, 289308

recommendations, 314319

Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Improve the Health and Wellness of Persons with Disabilities, 55

Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 54, 5657, 70, 94, 456457, 459

Sutton v. United Airlines, Inc., 465

T

TAEA. See Telecommunications Accessibility Enhancement Act

TATRC. See Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Tax Equity and Financial Responsibility Act, 270

TCRP. See Transit Cooperative Research Program

TDA. See Telecommunications for the Disabled Act

Technological change.

See also Assistive technologies and services for people with disabilities;

Available technologies;

Electronic technologies, advances in;

Information technologies, advances in;

Mainstream technologies

liberating consequences of, 23

policy implications of, 516517

Technologies used or encountered by people with disabilities, 186191

assistive technology defined, 186189

in the environment, 114

mainstream technology and universal design defined, 189191

Technology, defining, 186

Technology for Long-Term Care, 212

Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act, 186

Technology transfer and commercial application, challenge of, 210211

Telecommunications Accessibility Enhancement Act (TAEA), 481, 502503

in the ADA, 502503

Telecommunications Act

FCC regulations, 505507

historical background and legislation, 503505

Section 255 of, 503507

Telecommunications for the Disabled Act (TDA), 480, 482486

FCC regulations, 485486

historical background and legislation, 482485

Telecommunications relay services (TRS), 494502

background and statutory provisions, 494495

FCC regulations, 495497

future issues, 498502

mandatory minimum standards, 500

other relay considerations, 497498

Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC), 308

Telephones.

See also Wireless telephones coin-operated, 485

frequently needed by people with hearing loss, 485

provided for emergency use, 485

Teletypewriter (TTY) users, 479

Television Decoder Circuitry Act, 508511

in the ADA, 508511

FCC regulations, 510511

historical background and legislation, 508509

Tennessee, 448

Tertiary prevention, 138139

Text-to-speech relay services, 495

The ARC v. Braddock, 444

Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act, 472

Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Panel, 114

Ticket to Work program, 4, 11, 114, 134135

Title I of the ADA, 85

access to legal services, 470471

ADA complainants with psychiatric disabilities, 471

the administrative charge process, 469470

benefits for many plaintiffs through settlements, 468469

employer practices and attitudes, 460463

employment rates and wage disparities, 456460

empowerment effects, 463464

enforcement problems, 34, 469471

largely reactive, 34, 171

measuring the effects, 456464

narrowing the protected class in the courts, 465469

plaintiff victories through lower court decisions, 468

Supreme Court decisions, 465467

Title IV telecommunications relay services in the ADA, 494502

background and statutory provisions, 494495

FCC regulations, 495497

future issues in, 498502

other relay considerations, 497498

Toyota v. Williams, 33, 467

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Traditional transit services, need to improve, 534

Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP), 534

Transitions.

See also Health care transitions for young people with disabilities

care coordination and planning, 124

recommendations concerning secondary conditions, and aging with disability, 4, 1012

Transitions from child to adult care, 101103

adolescent population “at risk” for transition, 102103

goals of health care transition planning for young people, 103

in a life span perspective, 100101

Transportation patterns and problems of people with disabilities, 519560

community transportation resources, 530549

introduction, 519520

summary and conclusions, 552554

transportation as part of a package of solutions, 549551

transportation modes used by drivers with disabilities, 525

travel patterns of people with disabilities, 521529

Traumatic Brain Injury Model System program, 312

Travel patterns of people with disabilities, 521529

driving and the aging of society, 526529

overall travel patterns, 522526

travel modes used, 524

Trends

in chronic health conditions causing limitations of activity, 87

in chronic health conditions related to activity limitations, 95

in employment rates for people with any type of activity limitation, 86

in overweight (obesity) for children, 79

in the prevalence of obesity, 89

in the proportion of civilians needing help with ADLs or IADLs only, 83

in the proportion of civilians who are unable to work, 85

in self-reported health conditions and mobility limitations, 88

Trends in disability in early life, 7382

activity limitations, 7375

declines in selected health conditions that contribute to, 8182

potential explanations of trends, 7581

Trends in disability in late life, 8895

disabilities within group residential care settings, 9293

health conditions associated with, 94

personal care and routine care limitations, 8992

potential explanations for late-life trends, 9495

Trends in disability in middle life, 8288

conditions contributing to, 8688

employment trends among adults with disabilities, 8586

limitations in work, 84

personal care or routine care limitations, 8283

TRS. See Telecommunications relay services

TTY. See Teletypewriter users

U

UCSF. See University of California at San Francisco

Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards, 182

United Cerebral Palsy Association, 148

United Kingdom, 58n, 102, 122, 527528

United Nations, 54n

United States Army Research and Materiel Command, 308

United States Postal Service, 172

Universal design

Assistive Technology Act, 193

defined, 189191

for health care facilities, 167

for mainstream technologies, 192194

other policies, 194

principles of, 191

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act, 192193

University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), 274

University of Maryland, 407

University of Michigan, 195, 211, 214, 259

University of Minnesota, 64

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 215

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

U.S. Census Bureau, 4, 10, 17, 5152, 57, 5963, 6768, 70, 91, 521

U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 111

U.S. Congress, 4, 68, 1115, 81, 113, 128, 158159, 180182, 192193, 207208, 210, 218219, 238n, 245, 248250, 254n, 256, 263, 285286, 292n, 304, 306, 315319, 481, 484

U.S. Constitution, 172

U.S. Department of Commerce, 195, 202, 206, 211

U.S. Department of Defense, 172, 207, 289, 299, 302, 308

U.S. Department of Education, 2, 4, 11, 58, 102, 111112, 115n, 134135, 207, 268n, 289, 294, 306, 310n, 316, 508

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 4, 14, 55, 159, 171, 194n, 212, 233n, 278, 285286, 289, 294, 302, 306308, 430, 432, 438, 451.

See also individual agencies and offices

units of, 307308

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 172

U.S. Department of Justice, 4, 6, 12, 171, 173177, 180181, 192193, 202, 210, 429430, 432, 438439, 451

U.S. Department of Labor, 114, 293

U.S. Department of the Interior for Indian Affairs, 310n

U.S. Department of the Treasury, 502

U.S. Department of Transportation, 173, 289, 310n, 429, 466, 521, 531, 542

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 4, 1213, 133n, 174175, 180182, 198, 207, 209, 259, 289, 310n

U.S. disability policy, timeline of milestones in, 3132

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 81, 197198, 205, 207n, 258

U.S. Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB), 4, 11, 58n, 74, 101102, 110, 117, 134135, 233n, 271, 307

U.S. Supreme Court, decisions of, 33, 8081, 172, 174, 268, 270, 434, 448450, 465467

U.S. Surgeon General, 2728, 101

Usability, FCC regulations concerning, 506

“Use-in-the-home.” See “In-home-use” criterion

V

VA. See U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

VCO. See Voice and hearing carryover (VCO and HCO)

Veterans Health Administration (VHA), 45, 12, 146, 178179, 224n

Video relay services (VRS), 496

interoperability of protocols, 499

numbering, 498499

Violations of standard insurance models in health care, in health insurance markets for people with disabilities, 235237

Vocational Rehabilitation programs, 273

Voice and hearing carryover (VCO and HCO), 497

VRS. See Video relay services

W

Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 308

Washington Group, 54n

Washington Hospital Center, 174, 438, 447

highlights of ADA settlement involving, 176177

Weak coordinating mechanisms, for disability research, 310313

Web Accessibility Initiative, 482

Well-being, defining, 44n

West Virginia, 109n

Wheelchair Recycler, 275

WHO. See World Health Organization

Wireless telephones

in the Hearing Aid Compatibility Act, 488491

hearing aid compatibility rules for, 490

Women’s Health and Aging Study, 49n, 57, 99

Work.

See also Employment

income support and, 112114

limitations in, 84

Workforce Investment Act, 192193, 507

Workshop on Disability in America: A New Look, table of contents for, 392393

World Health Assembly, 37

World Health Organization (WHO), 3, 5, 25, 3637, 40, 42, 61, 305

World War II, 238n

World Wide Web Consortium, 482

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
×

Y

Young people with disabilities.

See also Health care transitions for young people with disabilities

examples of barriers to care coordination and transition for, 125

selected survey findings about postschool experiences of, 113

usual sources of health care for, 116

Younger adults with disabilities, 227232.

See also Trends

employment-based insurance for, 228231

Medicare and Medicaid for, 231232

Your Rights Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, 430n

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. The Future of Disability in America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11898.
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The Future of Disability in America Get This Book
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The future of disability in America will depend on how well the U.S. prepares for and manages the demographic, fiscal, and technological developments that will unfold during the next two to three decades.

Building upon two prior studies from the Institute of Medicine (the 1991 Institute of Medicine's report Disability in America and the 1997 report Enabling America), The Future of Disability in America examines both progress and concerns about continuing barriers that limit the independence, productivity, and participation in community life of people with disabilities. This book offers a comprehensive look at a wide range of issues, including the prevalence of disability across the lifespan; disability trends the role of assistive technology; barriers posed by health care and other facilities with inaccessible buildings, equipment, and information formats; the needs of young people moving from pediatric to adult health care and of adults experiencing premature aging and secondary health problems; selected issues in health care financing (e.g., risk adjusting payments to health plans, coverage of assistive technology); and the organizing and financing of disability-related research.

The Future of Disability in America is an assessment of both principles and scientific evidence for disability policies and services. This book's recommendations propose steps to eliminate barriers and strengthen the evidence base for future public and private actions to reduce the impact of disability on individuals, families, and society.

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